Journal articles: 'Cuban American authors' – Grafiati (2024)

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Recent developments in U.S-Cuba relations have resulted in a proliferating global interest in Cuba, including its legal regime. This comprehensive Guide aims to fill a noticeable void in the availability of information in English on this enigmatic jurisdiction's legal order, and on how to conduct research related to it. Covered topics include “The Constitution,” “Legislation and Codes,” “The Judiciary,” “Cuba in the International Arena,” and “The Legal Profession.” A detailed section on “Cuban Legal Materials in U.S. and Canadian Libraries” is also featured. Although the Guide emphasizes sources in English and English-language translation, materials in Spanish are likewise included as English-language equivalents are often unavailable. The Guide's 12 authors are members of the Latin American Law Interest Group of the American Association of Law Libraries’ Foreign, Comparative, and International Law Special Interest Section (FCIL-SIS).

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Abstract This review essay considers the books Raúl Castro: un hombre en revolución by Nikolai S. Leonov and Our woman in Havana: a diplomat's chronicle of America's long struggle with Castro's Cuba by Vicki Huddleston. One would be hard-pressed to find more qualified observers with first-hand experience of Cuba's politics than Nikolai Leonov and Vicki Huddleston. A former chief of KGB's analytical department, Leonov held several medals and decorations, including the Ernesto Che Guevara First Degree Order of the Cuban Council of State. Huddleston, on the other hand, headed the Cuban Affairs of the State Department and in 1999 became the first woman to lead the United States' Interests Section in Havana. Both authors offer in their accounts two visions of Cuba which rather complement each other. The keen revolutionary eye of the Soviet spy leans towards temporality. He saw Cuba in East–West terms, where historically the decade-old American aggressive plans and Soviet's withdrawal pushed the island into a corner. On the other hand, the seasoned American diplomat, well versed in the complex ebb and flow between her state and its southern neighbour, sides with positivity. To her, Cuba is a ‘natural ally’ to the United States. Our woman in Havana admits there is more to the erstwhile Cold War, and with this Ambassador Huddleston's seeks to awaken the ‘better angels’ of US foreign policy towards the island nation.

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In this monthly column, Kappan authors discuss books and articles that have informed their views on education. Robert Kim recommends Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning by Cathy Park Hong, Sarah Pazer recommends the multi-author Manifesto for Teaching Online, and Thomas Hatch recommends Tinkering Toward Utopia: A Century of Public School Reform by David Tyack and Larry Cuban.

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[First paragraph]Conversatons with Cuba. C. PETER RIPLEY. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999. xxvi + 243 pp. (Cloth US$ 24.95)Real Life in Castro's Cuba. CATHERINE MOSES. Wilmington DE: Scholarly Resources, 2000. xi + 184 pp. (Paper US$ 18.95)The Cuban Way: Capitalism, Communism, and Confrontation. ANA JULIA JATAR-HAUSMANN. West Hartford CT: Kumarian Press, 1999. xvii + 161 pp. (Paper US$21.95)Castro and the Cuban Revolution. THOMAS M. LEONARD. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1999. xxv + 188 pp. (Cloth US$ 45.00)Cuba has attracted a great deal of attention from both scholarly and popular authors since 1959. The literature that they have produced has generated much heat, but has shed a considerably smaller amount of light. Most accounts have been situated at the polar extremes of ideology, either condemning or celebrating the island's revolutionary experiment and its maximum leader (for the former is often virtually totally collapsed into the personage of Fidel Castro) with the same degrees of vociferous, simplistic certitude. However, neither the fulminating diatribes of the anti-Castro Right nor the fulsome paeans of the Euro-American Left have done much justice to making sense of the complex, confounding, and contradictory realities of Cuban society before, during, and after the Revolution. Indeed, contemporary developments have only magnified the distortions rendered by the astigmatic lenses of cold war intellectualism.

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Cuban-American authors Cristina García and Achy Obejas denote in their fictional works concerns regarding the fragmented memory of second-generation Cuban-American immigrants. Owing to the turbulent political origin of this exiled community, the characters of these works have identity conflicts related to the difficulty of accessing the historical memory of their ancestors’ land and community. However, as the narratives progress, the source of these conflicts proves to be the nationalist approach to identification which they end up challenging by relating themselves to history, memory, and identity in alternative postnational ways. The protagonists of these works, thus, contest traditional postulates in the study of memory like those of Maurice Halbwachs, who believed that the historical memory of a nation had an important role in determining the individual’s identity.

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The emergence of Cuban constitutional thinking as a political culture is directly related to the events in Spain of the early decades of the 19th century, in particular, with the abdication of the Spanish King of Charles IV and the captivity of the legitimate Spanish King Ferdinand VII, the ascension to the Spanish throne of a new dynasty, the libera-tion war of the Spanish people against the French occupation (1808-1814), preparations for the convening of the General Courtes (1808–1810), the drafting and adoption of the 1812 Cadiz Constitution. The participation and legislative activities of Cuban deputies in the discus-sion of the articles of the Cadiz Constitution have become a kind of school and an important experience of constitutional creation. The first constitutional drafts that had emerged on the island at the time showed that Cuba, despite its colonial status, had embraced new liberal politi-cal and philosophical ideas brought from the European centre to the Latin American periphery. The authors of the first constitutional pro-jects were prominent public and political figures of Cuba, philosophers and economists, representatives of the "Creole" Enlightenment - Francisco Arango y Parrenio (1765–1837), Jose Agustin Caballero (1762–1835) and lawyer Joaquin Infante (1775–1827?). The article introduces the reader to the first projects of autonomy for Cuba and the first project of independence.

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The paper deals with the comparison of two cases when humanity was closest to the outbreak of a world nuclear war - the Cuban missile crisis (1962) and the Ukrainian crisis (2022). First, the basic elements of the term “international crisis” were given, and then, based on selected criteria, the Cuban crisis and the reality that arose from the invasion of the Russian armed forces into Ukraine were analyzed. The international legal aspects of these problems were specially addressed, with the fact that it was pointed out that, unlike the American naval blockade of Cuba, there was nothing illegal in the deployment of Soviet missiles on that island, yet the USA was still ready for war just to remove the threat. In the case of the Ukrainian crisis (2022), everything is much more complicated. Although at first glance, this is a classic case of aggression, Russia invoked the favorite arguments and concepts of the USA, such as humanitarian intervention and preventive self-defense. In the concluding remarks, the authors point out that, according to current international law, all international disputes and crises must be resolved exclusively by peaceful means, that the Ukrainian crisis should not be an exception in this respect, and that, after all, a good example is the Cuban Missile Crisis, which ended with a kind of agreement.

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Although the Latino American male population is increasing, the subgroup Latino men’s health remains underinvestigated. This study examined the overall pattern of Latino male health and health care utilization in major subgroups, using a nationally representative sample ( N = 1,127) from the National Latino and Asian American Study. The authors evaluated rates of chronic, behavioral, and mental health service utilization in this first nationally representative survey. The results identified significant cross-subgroup differences in most physical and chronic conditions with Puerto Rican American men having high rates in 8 of 15 physical ailments, including life-altering conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. Despite differences in racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and cultural factors, Cuban American men shared similar rates of heart diseases and cancer with Puerto Rican American men. In addition, Puerto Rican American men had higher rates of substance abuse than other Latinos. For health providers, the authors’ findings encourage awareness of subgroup differences regarding overall health issues of Latino American men to provide culturally appropriate care.

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Abstract This essay examines the role of translation in the redefinition of the relationship between authors and their respective national cultures, and in continuing discussions of gender, sexuality, migration and cultural identity in translation studies. The translation of Witold Gombrowicz’s novel Ferdydurke from Polish into Spanish by Cuban author Virgilio Piñera and a Translation Committee, not only calls into question the conventional dichotomy of author and translator, but also creates a transnational literary community which questions a number of assumptions about the history of translation in the West, its complicity both in the construction of literary canonicity and the maintenance of the educational institution.

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Longitudinal findings are presented on lifetime, past year, and magnitude of use of cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs among non-Hispanic White (NHW), African-American, Cuban, Nicaraguan, Colombian, and Puerto Rican adolescent boys. The T-3 sample included 5,370 adolescents of whom 3,403 were Hispanic. About one-half the Hispanic sample was foreign born. Significant increases in lifetime use and magnitude of use of all three substances were found over the three data collection periods for all six groups. NHW and Hispanic adolescents had higher substance use rates than African-Americans. Most differences were not significant for NHW and Hispanic subgroups. Foreign-born Hispanics reported positive relationships between length of time in country and substance use. Significant relationships were found in two instances. Length of time in country was related to lifetime use of all substances for Cubans and for past year use of alcohol and illicit drugs. It was also significantly related to lifetime and past year use of alcohol and for lifetime illicit drug use among Nicaraguans. Although substance use did not vary greatly for different Hispanic groups, the authors suggest caution be used in offering generalizations, especially among young groups with diverse nativity and immigration histories.

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A recent edited study of U.S. ambassadors assigned to Latin American countries beset by economic and political crises assesses the importance of individuals as determinants of U.S. foreign policy. Although the authors differed in their conclusions, two in particular suggested that even ambassadors who enjoyed great operational independence rarely disagreed with the ideological premises of their superiors in Washington. Historian Louis A. Pérez, for example, portrayed U.S. ambassador to Cuba Sumner Welles as “an active powerbroker” who “operated out of a defined ideological framework, a world view that allowed him to recognize social forces as potential friend or likely foe to U.S. interests.” Welles's attempt in 1933 to remove Cuban President Ramón Grau San Martin, who had abrogated the Platt Amendment, coincided with the State Department's policy of keeping Cuba favorable to U.S. economic and strategic interests. Scholar Jan Knippers Black came to a similar conclusion about the role of Ambassador Lincoln Gordon in the 1964 overthrow of leftist Brazilian President João Goulart. Black found it “extremely difficult to isolate his [Gordon's] imprint on more fundamental aspects of policy … it seems unlikely that U.S. policies and actions would have differed in any significant way, had some other individual been serving at that time and place as ambassador.”

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Abstract This article aims to compare and contrast the concepts of subjectivity represented in literature and constructed in borders: physical and imaginary geopolitical sites that have positioned identities in the margins throughout history. The comparative analysis examines the representation of marginal identities in literary texts, specifically those written by authors belonging to hyphenated cultures such as the Cuban-American Gustavo Pérez-Firmat (1994), “Bilingual Blues,” and Mexican-American Gloria Anzaldúa’s “La encrucijada,” among others, mentioned in the bibliography. The study shows that the portrayal of subjectivity and subalternity in literary texts contends with diverse discourses of power and hefty political structures that tend to repress and to delimit character’s development and conditions as human beings living in the United States.

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Cuba assumes a special place in the genealogy of the latin American Baroque and its twentieth-century recuperation, ongoing in our twenty-first century—the neobaroque. As Alejo Carpentier has pointed out (and as architectural critics confirm), the Caribbean lacks a monumental architectural baroque heritage comparable with that of the mainland, such as the hyperornate Churrigueresque ultrabaroque of central Mexico and Peru (fig. 1). Nevertheless, it was two Cuban intellectuals, Alejo Carpentier and José Lezama Lima, who spearheaded a new turn in neobaroque discourse after World War II by popularizing the notion of an insurgent, mestizo New World baroque unique to the Americas. Carpentier and Lezama Lima are the key authors of the notion of a decolonizing American baroque, a baroque that expressed contraconquista (counterconquest), as Lezama punned, countering the familiar identification of the baroque with the repressive ideology of the Counter-Reformation and its allies, the imperial Catholic Iberian states (80). Lezama and Carpentier argue that the imported Iberian state baroque was transformed into the transculturated, syncretic New World baroque at the hands of the (often anonymous) native artisans who continued to work under the Europeans, grafting their own indigenous traditions onto the iconography of the Catholic baroque style. The New World baroque is a product of the confluence (however unequal) of Iberian, pre-Columbian, and African cultures during the peaceful seventeenth century and into the eighteenth in Spain's and Portugal's territories in the New World. The examples studied by Lezama and Carpentier are all from the monumental baroque sculpture and architecture of Mexico, the Andes, and Brazil's Minas Gerais province: the work of the Brazilian mulatto artist O Aleijadinho (Antônio Francisco Lisboa [1738–1814]; see fig. 2 in Zamora in this issue) and the indigenous Andean artist José Kondori (dates unknown; see fig. 1 in Zamora), central Mexico's Church of San Francisco Xavier Tepotzotlán (fig. 1), and the folk baroque Church of Santa María Tonantzintla (see fig. 3 in Zamora), to mention a few landmarks and names.

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While mixing languages in natural speech production has often been inaccurately ascribed to illiteracy or lack of linguistic competence, doing so in writing is a long-standing practice in bilingual literature. This practice may fulfill stylistic or aesthetic purposes, be a source of credibility and/or communicate biculturalism, humor, criticism, and ethnicity, among other functions. Here, I analyze a selection of contemporary Spanish–English bilingual literature (poetry, drama, and fiction) written by Mexican American, Nuyorican, and Cuban American authors focusing on the types, and significance, of code-switching (CS) in their works. The aim of the study is to determine to what extent the socio-pragmatic functions that have been attested in natural bilingual discourse are present in literary CS, whether it is mimetic rather than rhetorical, and what differences exist both across literary genres and among the three US Latino groups. I also emphasize the cultural aspect of CS, a crucial element that has often been overlooked in the search for grammatical constraints.

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Neste ensaio, originalmente proferido como conferência, Enzo Traverso analisa algumas das linhas de força da trajetória intelectual de Michael Löwy, dos seus primeiros trabalhos sobre Marx, Lukács e Goldmann às suas reflexões mais recentes sobre Benjamin ou sobre o romantismo. Aplicando à análise do autor o mesmo método que ele utilizara para compreender os autores sobre os quais investigou, Traverso defende a hipótese de que, embora nascido no Brasil, Löwy pode ser visto como um “intelectual francês que combina e supera duas tradições que marcaram profundamente a história, a cultura e a política do século XX: a do judaísmo da Europa Central de antes da Schoah e a da esquerda latino-americana posterior à revolução cubana”.THE LIBERTARIAN MARXISM OF MICHAEL LÖWY In this essay, originally delivered as a conference, Enzo Traverso analyzes some of the strengths of Michael Löwy’s intellectual trajectory, from his early work son Marx, Lukacs, and Goldmann to his more recent reflection son Benjamin or on Romanticism. Applying to the author’s analysis the same method that he used to understand the authors he investigated, Traverso defends the hypothesis that, although born in Brazil, Löwy can be seen as a “French intellectual who combines and surpasses two traditions that marked deeply history, culture and politics of the twentieth century: that of Central European Judaism before Schoah and that of the Latin American left after the Cuban revolution.” Keywords: Intellectuals. Judaism. Central Europe. Latin America. Libertarian Marxism.LE MARXISME LIBERTAIRE DE MICHAEL LÖWYDans cet essai, à l’origine livré comme une conférence, Enzo Traverso analyse certains des fils conducteurs du parcours intellectuel de Michael Löwy, depuis ses premiers travaux sur Marx, Lukacs et Goldmann à ses réflexions plus récentes sur Benjamin ou sur le romantisme. Appliquant à l’analyse de l’auteur la même méthode qu’il avait utilisée pour comprendre les auteurs sur lesquels il a travaillé, Traverso soutient l’hypothèse selon laquelle, bien que né au Brésil, Löwy peut être considéré comme un “intellectuel français unissant et dépassant deux traditions qui ont profondément marqué l’histoire, la culture et la politique du XXe siècle: celle du judaïsme d’Europe centrale d’avant la Schoah et celle de la gauche latino-américaine d’après la révolution cubaine”. Mots-clés: Intellectuels. Judaïsme. Europe centrale. Amérique latine. Marxisme libertaire.

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In 2001, the official year of the “life sciences” in germany, ottmar ette began pulling together ideas for what was to become the programmatic essay excerpted and translated here. Ette is known for different things in different places: in Spain and Hispanic America, he is renowned for his work on José Martí, Jorge Semprún, Mario Vargas Llosa, Gabriel García Márquez, and a host of other authors. In the francophone world, he is best known for his writings on Roland Barthes and, more recently, on Amin Maalouf, while his reputation in his native Germany rests on his voluminous work on Alexander von Humboldt and on the new literatures in German. That this polyglot professor of Romance literatures is, at heart and in practice, a comparatist goes almost without saying. He is also, perhaps as inevitably, a literary theorist and a cultural critic, whose work has attracted attention throughout Europe. In his 2004 book ÜberLebenswissen—a title that might be rendered in English both as “Knowledge for Survival” and as “About Life Knowledge”—Ette first began to reclaim for literary studies the dual concepts of Lebenswissen and Lebenswissenschaft, which I have translated provisionally as “knowledge for living” and “science for living” to set them off from the biotechnological discourses of the life sciences. While ÜberLebenswissen focuses on the disciplinary history and practices of the field of Romance literatures, its companion volume from 2005, ZwischenWeltenSchreiben: Literaturen ohne festen Wohnsitz (“Writing between Worlds: Literatures without a Fixed Abode”), extends Ette's inquiry to the global contexts of Shoah, Cuban, and Arab American literatures. Both volumes urge that literary studies “be opened up, made accessible and relevant, to the larger society. Doing so is, simply and plainly, a matter of survival” (ZwischenWeltenSchreiben 270).

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Objectives. The paper analyzes core axiological aspects of Spanish teaching in higher educational institutions of the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the early 1980s based on various sources including textbooks, tutorials, etc. Methods. The study is based on textual-analytic, historical-comparative, and structural methods.Results. Scientific-pedagogical and sociological aspects of the subject are distinguished. The former are limited to the internal developmental logic of Spanish studies, while the latter refers to external circ*mstances, including ideological factors. The literature review shows that Spanish teaching in the USSR progressed topically from simple manuals aimed at consolidating linguistic basics to a more rigorous pedagogical development of Spanish language studies (grammar, phonetics, vocabulary, etc.) The authors identify two significant periods in the development of Soviet Spanish studies, with the first phase extending from the 1930s to the early 1960s, and the second—from the 1960s to the early 1980s.Conclusions. The analysis showed that the formation and development of each period is associated with such events as the Spanish Civil War and the victory of the Cuban Revolution, which are not directly related to Spanish teaching. The first event coincided with the beginning of systematic Spanish teaching at the USSR universities, while the second redirected this process from Castilian to Latin American Spanish. However, the analysis of textbook and tutorial materials convincingly demonstrates that this process of redirection, which mainly concerns the selection of textual materials, remains incomplete. This supports a conclusion concerning the limited impact of ideology on the internal logic of the Spanish studies development in the USSR.

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Purpose Communicating the national values of artists and the role of product benefits as symbols of national values, infuse iconic national brands. This paper aims to validate a conceptual framework that offers empirical insights for cultural identity that drives brand management. Design/methodology/approach Case studies and cross-cultural focus group research establish the present study’s conceptual framework for cultural branding. Findings Brand awareness of a perfume named after a Cuban dancer and a spirit named for a Chilean poet, reflect authentic emblems of national identity. Informants’ behavior confirms the study’s model of icon myth transfer effect as a heuristic for cultural branding with clear, detailed and unprompted references to the myths and brands behind these heroines. Research limitations/implications The study’s ethnography shows how artists reflect myth and folklore in iconic brands. Future research should assess whether the icon myth transfer effect as a heuristic for cultural branding occurs with cultural icons beyond the arts and transcends national boundaries. Practical implications The study challenges conventional branding, where the brand is the myth, and the myth reflects the myth market. The authors show how the myth connects to a national identity yet exists independently of the brand. The branding strategy ties the brand to the existing myth, an alternative route for cultural branding mediated by the icon myth transfer effect. Social implications These two Latin American brands provide a much-needed connection among the branding literatures and images surrounding gender and nationalism in lesser-known markets. Originality/value Most research explores iconic myths, brands and folklore in one country. This study extends cultural branding through social history and by testing a conceptual model that establishes how myths embody nation-specific values. Iconic myths are a heuristic for understanding and describing brands, revealing an unexamined path for cultural branding.

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The article is devoted to the problems of political leadership. Currently, the leaders of many countries in Europe, Asia and America claim to be the true leaders of their countries. As everyone knows, not everyone succeeds. The authors of this publication have attempted to determine the determinants and parameters of a successful manager of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, choosing an unusual example - the Cuban, by no means the democrat, the partriot of his country, Comandante en Jefe by Fidel Castro. The article shows how, as a result of bold management decisions and the use of marketing technologies, this politician achieved complete independence of his small and weak country. The influence of the personality of Fidel Castro on the historical and political processes in Latin America and the system of relations between the socialist countries is examined. A description is given of the stages of the emergence of socialism in Cuba and the successful actions of the leader of the country to protect the achievements of the world socialist system after it disintegrated. It is pointed out that unlike European countries, socialism was not brought to Cuba on bayonets - it was an informed and free choice. An estimation is given to the creative methods used by Castro to overcome the crisis in the early 90s - the rectification and philosophy of the special period, and also the results of their application in some branches of the national economy-pharmacology, medicine, and tourism. It is established that the politician successfully proved the viability of fidelism, transferring power to Raul Castro. It is shown that Castro also allowed serious miscalculations in managerial activity, such as the policy of exporting the revolution and participation in drug trafficking, which led to numerous victims and loss of prestige of the country. The authors argue that Castro did not understand the laws of social development and the inevitability of the development of democracy, in the marketing plane he was interested only in the market, on the basis that the material and human resources of Cuba are very limited, and before the revolution, economic activity in the country was limited to the production and export of sugar. After adopting Soviet methods of governing the country - long-term plans, socialist competition, the celebration of numerous anniversaries, Castro did not take into account that this was alien to the mentality of the Cubans.

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The aesthetic movement known as costumbrismo burst during the 19th in Spain and Latin America, and it did so into various modes of artistic expression such as literature, painting, and lithography. In all cases, it aimed at reflecting on the way of life in a given society e.g. its folklore, its institutions, its mannerisms, its social types, etc. The present article delves into Cuban costumbrismo to expose the way in which local writers akin to this aesthetic movement exhibit the local population in correspondence with an ongoing and much desired process of modernization. Specifically, it examines four cuadros de costumbres (sketches of manners of costumbrista nature) that focus on two historically antagonistic social types in Cuba: the médico (the doctor) and the vieja curandera (the old female healer). It demonstrates that the representations of these figures do not only synthesize—at best—the way in which Cuban costumbrista authors managed a process of social and historical change brought about by the tension between local traditions and the emergence of modern scientific discourses as civilizing measures. In doing so, it also reveals the intentions of these authors to legitimize the place of literature in a modernizing world where scientific discourses were also gradually becoming the only authorized language for studying and analysing both the individual and the social body.

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In the article, the authors analyzed successes and failings of the Ukrainian economic diplomacy in Latin America region. Such results were achieved by analyzing the degree of scientific investigation the possibilities, features and basic characteristics of economic diplomacy by contemporary Ukrainian and foreign researchers, as well as by analyzing the websites of Ukrainian embassies in Latin American countries and using the information of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and mass media. Researchers drew attention to the peculiarities of economic relations between Ukraine and Latin America countries. It has been found that bilateral relations between Ukraine and Latin American countries are generally poorly developed, the embassies of Ukraine exist only in five countries: Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Chile, and these embassies in turn represent Ukraine’s national interests in 15 other Latin American countries. Ukraine has the most well-established economic relations with the first five above-mentioned countries as a result of economic diplomacy. It was concluded that Ukrainian economic diplomacy has some achievements (the developing of volume of export-import operations between Ukraine and all regional countries, except Cuba, and the opening of the honorary consulate in Chile) and failings (the lack of diplomatic missions in all LA countries, problems with updating information on planned activities in the economic sphere (2015, 2016) on the embassies’ web-site, negative trade balance for Ukraine).

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Historians of Latin American slavery will find de la Fuente's article to be a particularly trenchant and learned essay on familiar historiographic controversies. The archival research awakens anticipation for the author's in-depth study of the earlier period of Cuban slavery, much neglected in favor of the heyday of the sugar complex of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Concentrating on the law and “slaves' claims-making” (341) allows for an important entry into the subject, complementing recent studies of slavery in Spanish America that have focused on how slaves used the institutions of Spanish colonialism to gain freedom or greater autonomy. However, reviving the Tannenbaum thesis, even in the limited form of the law, inspires less enthusiasm. De la Fuente's interpretation of Cuban slavery, through his rereading of Tannenbuam, does not produce misrepresentations in his treatment of historiography or sources; rather, I sense in this work the static conception of New World slavery created by Tannenbaum's dichotomous vision, both among and within particular colonial and national slave societies.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an overview of the phenomenon of corruption in Latin America and to propose a synthetic aggregate indicator to compress most of the statistical information available on corruption for Latin American countries. Design/methodology/approach The indicator of corruption has been obtained through factor analysis by applying the principal component methodology. Findings The authors have managed to obtain a single component that reproduces and synthesizes 86 per cent of all the information about corruption in Latin America gathered by prestigious institutions. Research limitations/implications The authors are aware that their study is not free from limitations. The first limitation is associated with the impossibility of incorporating information related to the phenomenon of corruption from the indicator called Latinobarómetro, as the economies of Cuba and Haiti (included in this research) are not part of the sample analyzed by that indicator. Second, this study reproduces and synthesizes 86 per cent of all available information by prestigious institutions about corruption in Latin America, and although this percentage is significant, it does not constitute 100 per cent. Originality/value This study has created a new indicator that gathers methodologies to measure corruption in Latin American countries.

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In a recent treatment of the Pannariceae of Ecuador, Jørgensen & Arvidsson (2004: 131) pointed out the surprising absence of the genus Fuscopannaria in Ecuador, a genus which is rather common, with many species, in the Pacific Northwest of North America (Jørgensen 2001). The authors claim that, on the western side of the Americas, the genus appears to stop north of Mexico, only to reappear in southern Chile and Argentina. While going through his material, the second author discovered two specimens belonging in this genus from Mexico and Ecuador, which contradicts that statement. Both are typical Fuscopannaria leucosticta specimens (Fig. 1), the type species of the genus originally described from eastern North America (Jørgensen 2001: 684), and fairly widely distributed in warm temperate parts there, and extending as far south as Cuba (Fig. 2).

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Is Socialism a means to eliminate or reduce dependency and its alleged concomitants? According to a number of authors, including those of the most influential recent approaches to the study of Latin American politics and development, it is. Indeed, for most of these authors socialism is the only desirable or acceptable way to address the problems of dependent capitalism. For them, capitalism is inherently exploitative and repressive; socialism is the only desirable or acceptable path to a more autonomous, egalitarian, free and just society (Cardoso and Faletto, 1979: ix-xxiv, 209-216).As some of the foregoing implies, and as is obvious to anyone familiar with the literature, for many authors the truth or falsity of this view is not a matter amenable to resolution by anything so mundane as reference to historical experience. For such analysts, this view is true by definition. The analyst using this perspective first “assumes” it to be true and then “demonstrates” that it is true by citing data that support it (Cardoso and Faletto, 1979: x).

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Purpose This study aims to enhance the knowledge that managers and scholars have on franchising expansion. In this sense, it is worth mentioning that although the body of literature on international management focusing on emerging markets is growing, the attention paid to the Latin American context continues to be limited. This is surprising given the substantive economic importance of the region with a population over 590 million, and a gross domestic product of approximately US$5 trillion. To cover this gap, the present study examines how a number of market conditions may drive diffusion of franchising into Latin America: geographical distance, cultural distance, political stability and economic development. The authors also controlled for the host country’s market potential, transparency, unemployment rate and efficiency of contract enforcement. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative approach applied to a sample of 77 Spanish franchisors operating through 4,064 franchisee outlets across 21 Latin American countries in late 2012. They are: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. Findings Results conclude that geographical distance between the host and home countries, as well as the level of host country’s political stability, economic development, market potential and transparency are able to drive the spread of international franchising across Latin American nations. Research limitations/implications This study provides readers with a general overview of the current state of global franchising diffusion overseas. Results obtained in this study are useful for understanding and predicting the demand for franchising in Latin American countries. Practical implications Economics reports argue that by 2050, the largest economies in the world will be China, the USA, India, Brazil and Mexico. This fact highlights the substantive importance of Latin America for foreign investors willing to expand their business abroad. In an attempt to give insights from the Latin American context, the present paper develops and tests a model that can be useful to franchisors willing to establish new outlets in the region. In addition, our findings offer guidance to firm managers seeking to target their franchises in Latin America. Franchisors may then use the results of this study as a starting point for identifying such regions whose characteristics best meet their needs of expansion. Originality/value This paper explores how market conditions may drive international diffusion of franchising into Latin American markets. The scant theoretical or empirical attention given to this topic has usually been examined from the USA and British base and focused on developed markets. To fill this gap, the present study analyzes the international spread of the Spanish franchise system into Latin America as a market for franchising expansion.

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ABSTRACTThe undoubted cause célèbre of the 1969 Holland Festival was the large-scale music theatre piece Reconstructie, jointly authored by a team of five young composers and two librettists. The work, which took as its subject ‘the struggle against US imperialism in Latin America’, and revolved around the figure of Che Guevara, embodied the authors’ dual commitment to political engagement and artistic experiment. My account examines the work through the lens of recent scholarship that stresses the politically reactionary function of avant-garde experimentation within the cultural Cold War. In the process, attention is given to broader factors affecting the work’s production and reception: these include contemporaneous debates about cultural popularising and the Holland Festival; the complex motives of the work’s governmental patrons; and the influence upon the authors of Cuba, Castro and Guevara himself.

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This study describes complementary and alternative medicine use among a national sample of young adults, with an emphasis on characterizing racial and ethnic differences, highlighting variation across subgroups of Hispanics. The authors examined young adults ages 18 to 27 years (n = 14 128) from wave III (2001-2002) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Prevalence estimates and logistic regression results were weighted and adjusted for complex sample design. The study examined recent complementary and alternative medicine use in the past 12 months, recent use for each of 15 specific complementary and alternative medicine modalities, and the 5 most commonly used modalities (herbs, massage, chiropractic, relaxation, and vitamins). Results showed that 29% of young adults aged 18 to 27 years recently used complementary and alternative medicine. Prevalence was highest among Cuban Americans (42%) and lowest among blacks (22%). Young adults used a diversity of complementary and alternative medicine modalities and there were substantial differences in use across racial and ethnic groups.

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Scientific studies confirm the existence of a crisis caused by climate change, in which global causes produce local effects. Despite climate agreements, greenhouse gas emissions continue to fall short of targets to limit global warming. There is still a need for comparable data for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13—Climate Action. The motivation of the research is to provide data for decision-making and to propose solutions to address the climate crisis. The article aims to propose a Fuzzy Logic algorithm to evaluate the SDG13 indicators and to deepen the discussion on climate change. The research is applied explanatory with a combined approach (quantitative-qualitative) through modeling, simulation, and case studies. As a result, the OWA operator ranks 10 Ibero-American countries to SDG13, indicating Colombia, Peru, and Cuba in the first positions. The main contributions are the reduction of identified knowledge gaps and proposals for action for policy and decision-makers. A limitation of this study would be the number of participating countries. The authors indicate future lines of research.

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Bibliomigration from Periphery to Semi-Periphery. About Contemporary Spanish Caribbean Literature in Swedish Translation The aim of this article is threefold: firstly to describe the bibliomigration patterns of contemporary Spanish Caribbean literature to Sweden, secondly to test the Double Consecration Hypothesis, and thirdly to discuss the importance of translation in relation to World Literature. The material studied consists of 25 novels written by 15 Spanish Caribbean authors from Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic translated into Swedish during the period 1990–2015. The consecration processes of the involved cosmopolitan intermediaries in the study are reconstructed in order to map out the bibliomigration. It was brought to light that the Spanish literary consecration culture is pluri-centric and the Anglo-American duo-centric, which ultimately affects the bibliomigration patterns to Sweden. Three patterns were discovered: One for Spanish Caribbean authors who write in Spanish, one for Spanish Caribbean authors writing in English and one for literature written in Spanish, published in Spanish in Sweden and then translated into Swedish. In the first case nine out of the novels verified the Double Consecration Hypothesis. Hence it seems that Spanish Caribbean literature written in Spanish has to be consecrated primarily within the Spanish colonial and postcolonial literary centers and then within the American and British consecration centers in order to be selected for translation into Swedish. In the second case ten out of the 25 Spanish Caribbeannovels were written in English, and thus not in need for double consecration to reach Sweden. In the last pattern consecration is local rather than cosmopolitan. The three patterns discovered can be described as three different forms of vernacularizing translation.

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AbstractSuicide, assisted suicide and euthanasia are elusive and controversial issues worldwide. To discuss such issues from only one perspective may be limiting. Therefore, this paper was written by authors from various regions, each of whom has been asked to reflect on the issues. The countries/cultures are: Australia, China, Cuba, Ireland, India, Japan, Russia, South Africa, The Netherlands, North America (Turtle Island) and United States. Historically and today, suicide is viewed differently. Assisted suicide and euthanasia are equally seen from multifarious perspectives. Highlighting development in the Netherlands, Australia's Northern Territory and Japan (ie. the famous Yamanouchi Case), the review shows growing re-examination of the right to die. There appear, however, to be no uniform legal and ethical positions. Further debate and discussion globally is needed to avoid myopic perspectives.

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Abstract Economic growth is not the only factor to explain human development. Therefore, many authors have prioritized studies to measure the Human Development Index. However, these indexes do not analyze how Economic Complexity can increase Human Development. This paper aimed to determine how efficiently nations from Latin America and Asia measure a country’s performance in converting Economic Complexity into Human Development, between 2010 and 2014. We used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), through the Variable Returns of Scale (VRS) Model and Window Analysis. Results showed that in 2014, all Asian countries, except China and the Philippines, were efficient; on the other hand Cuba was the benchmark for inefficient countries. Window Analysis showed Japan, South Korea and Singapore were efficient over time. This result confirms the initial hypothesis of this article: the more complex countries are the more efficiently they create Human Development.

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[First paragraph]Caliban and otheressays, by ROBERTO FERNANDEZ RETAMAR. (Translatedby Edward Baker, Foreword by Fredric Jameson.) Minneapolis: Universityof Minnesota Press, 1989. xvi + 139 pp. (Cloth US $35.00, Paper US$14.95)Deconstructing America: representations of the other, by PETER MASON.London: Routledge, 1990. vii + 216 pp. (Cloth £ 30.00)Both these books beiong to a field of study that aims to analyze the ways in which Europe, or more generally the West, has represented to itself in words and images the non-European world. Edward Said's Orientalism inaugurated that field in 1978, immediately constituting a corpus of work through its author's recognition of precedent and analogue, then acting as indispensable touchstone to the subsequent development of the field during the 1980s. Although Said's work deals with the oriënt, however defined, a surprising amount of ideological analysis of colonial representation had already taken place within the Caribbean. Frantz Fanon, Eric Williams, and Aimé Césaire were three notable precursors recognized by Said; and Roberto Fernéndez Retamar's essays, especially those written in the late 1960s and early 1970s, pursued many similar themes within the rather different context of the Cuban Revolution. Four of those essays are now published in English, along with a more recent reflection on the most famous of them, "Caliban."

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<em>Basicladia chelonum</em> (Collins) W.E. Hoffmann and Tilden (1930) principally known from North America and Hawaii was recently (2004) found in Cuba (Caribbean) from artificial pool growing on shells of musk turtles (Trachemys decussata Gray). Specimens collected in Cuba were subjected to detailed examinations also using a transmission electron microscope. On one hand, these studies confirmed many features of this species previously described by earlier authors in the specimens from Texas. On the other hand, the present studies revealed structures unknown so far (pyrenoid structure), which allowed for new analysis of this species. These investigations also have shown that <em>Basicladia chelonum</em> exhibits close similarity to the genus <em>Cladophora</em> and other representatives of the class <em>Cladophorophyceae</em>. The similarities include : siphonocladous level of organization of thallus, numerous chloroplasts forming a network and other structures. Conversely, the pyrenoid in vegetative cells of <em>Basicladia chelonum</em> distinguishes it markedly from representatives of the genus <em>Cladophora</em>, which have bilenticular pyrenoids divided into two hemispheres by a single thylakoids and each hemisphere is covered by a bowlshaped starch grain (Van Hoek et al. 1995). Since in <em>Cladophora</em> the ultrastructure of the pyrenoid is highly constant and characteristic, this contrasts with the genus <em>Basicladia</em> and, therefore, more firmly establishes position of the latter as an independent unit within <em>Cladophorophyceae</em>.

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Introduction. The article examines the Comintern “trace” in the formation of modern “Bolivarian socialism”, proclaimed by the leaders of Venezuela at the beginning of the 21st century. Communist postulates (in the Comintern perception) were, certainly, not the only source of the formation of the ideology of the ruling Socialist United Party of Venezuela. At the same time, a number of the postulates were formulated back in the 1920s by activists of the Venezuelan Revolutionary Party (later they became members of the country’s Communist Party) and the Socialist Party of Ecuador. A number of similar concepts were the subject of discussions between the leadership of the Comintern and the Peruvian People’s Revolutionary Alliance and were also debated during one of the congress of the Communist International. Another important aspect explored by the authors is the analogy between the processes of the formation of a united left party in Venezuela in the 1930s and in the 2000s (as a comparative example, the pattern of creating a united revolutionary party within the framework of the Castro revolution in Cuba was also used). Methods and materials. The study uses a set of methods of analysis adopted in historical and political science, namely documentary analysis, systemic and comparative analysis. Analysis and Results. The cases presented in the article prove that Socialism of the 21st century is not the exclusive creation of Hugo Chavez, but is closely related to ideological discussions in the international left-wing movement of the first half of the 20th century. The article is based primarily on archival documents, which allowed the authors to show little-known pages in the history of Latin American left-wing parties. Authors’ contribution. V.L. Jeifets and L.S. Jeifets made joint analysis of the archival documents, carried out the study of historiography, and developed the theoretical framework of the research. The conclusions also are the product of joint work.

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This paper seeks to comprehend how a portion of the Brazilian public opinion, specifically the press, understood Brazil’s participation in the Eighth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, held in Punta del Este, Uruguay, in January 1962 – the Punta del Este Conference. This was a decisive meeting since it culminated in the expulsion of Cuba from the Organization of American States (OAS), because of the pressure exerted by the United States. Brazil distinguished itself for leading a group of countries against Cuba’s expulsion, based on the principle of self-determination and non-intervention. Although some authors believe the Punta del Este Conference to be the first event to massively mobilize the Brazilian public opinion around a foreign policy issue, they are not clear about what they understand as the concept of public opinion or how it positioned itself about Brazil’s participation in the Conference. Thus, this paper focuses on the coverage of three newspapers of national circulation (Jornal do Brasil, O Estado de São Paulo and Última Hora) between November 1961 and March 1962 to understand, through a content analysis method, how the press evaluated Brazil’s participation in the Punta del Este Conference. The results point to a bigger support of the Brazilian position and the Independent Foreign Policy. Recebido em: Agosto/2019. Aprovado em: julho/2020.

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This article investigates the fruitful cultural and artistic partnership between Cesare Zavattini and Gabriel García Márquez, starting from the course in directing taught in the 1950s at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia (Experimental School of Cinema) in Rome by the Italian master and attended by the Colombian writer. In this article, I analyse García Márquez’s literary-cinematographic works that best testify to the Zavattinian influence: from the ‘Márquezian’ masterpiece Cien años de soledad (One Hundred Years of Solitude) (1967) to the screenplay of Milagro en Roma (Miracle in Rome) (Duque Naranjo 1988), both indebted to Zavattini’s neorealism of the screenplay of Miracolo a Milano (Miracle in Milan) (De Sica 1951), and to the short story ‘La santa’ (‘The saint’) (1992b), in which one of the characters is Zavattini himself. This article also includes the analysis of unpublished materials, such as private letters between the two authors, which reconstruct Zavattini’s crucial role in promoting Italian neorealism in Latin America, as well as the Zavattinian authorship in the birth and development of magic realism. The result of Zavattini’s and García Márquez’s effort and collaboration is represented by the founding of the Escuela Internacional de Cine y Televisión in 1986 in Cuba, an institution that best represents ‘global neorealism’.

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On the basis of published documents on the activities of the terrorist organization “Red Army Fraction” (RAF) in West Germany during the 70s-80s, the authors highlight the causes that led to the radicalization of the student movement and the transition of activists to the armed confrontation with the police in the name of “City guerrilla” concept. Among the documents mentioned, texts of the RAF members, their manifestos, etc. are avaliable, as well as the articles by one of the leaders of the organization, Ulrike Meinhof, which she wrote for the left-radical magazine “Concrete”. Also there authors used the materials of the German media. In addition, the authors have analyzed foreign and domestic historiography focusing on German-language studies. The conclusions, to which the authors of the article have come, can be summarized as follows. There were three main reasons for the radicalization of the German student movement in the late 1960s. Firstly, the protest spirit and antipathy towards the “conformist” older generation, caused not least by the fact that the governments of the Chancellors Adenauer and Kiesinger were associated with the rehabilitation of former Nazis, so left-radicals saw in their politics the returning of authoritarianism and the militarization of FRG. Secondly, the views of the leftist scholars (such as Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno, Jurgen Habermas, and others) that were popular among young people and reflected, albeit exaggeratedly, the social problems of Germany at that time related to labor migration, property inequality etc. Thirdly, speaking of the internal political context, the authors have underlined the important role of the events that led to a creation of radical groups. Among these events the most important were the protest actions against so called “Extraordinary laws,” the beating of a peaceful demonstration by the police on the 2th of June and the killing of Benno Onezorge, the assassination of the leader of the student movement Rudi Dutschke, the occupations of universities in 1968 etc. Characterizing the foreign policy context, the authors figure out that in the conditions of the bipolar world and the unfolding of the Cold War, the German youth was inspired by the revolutionary movements of the Third World and also by the American youth movement against the war in Vietnam. At the same time, the future German “city guerrillas” were inspired by the images of Che Guevara, Mao Tse-tung, Ho Chi Minh, etc. There is no doubt that they were rather skeptic about the USSR, not considering it as a socialist state, while they were preferring Cuba or Maoist China, because at that time almost nobody was aware of an essence of the “cultural revolution” and Mao’s repressive policy. However, activity of left-radicals in West Germany was still profitable for the GDR government, controlled by Soviet Union, as far as they were trying to use every possibility to destabilize the situation in FRG.

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<p><em>In this paper I propose to read and discuss two short stories, Luisa Valenzuela’s <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Other Weapons</span> and Mahasweta Devi’s <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Draupadi</span> under a comparative spectrum. This apparent unlikely comparison from two distinct social, political, linguistic and cultural paradigms, as diverse as Latin America (Cuba?) and Bengal, is the result of my curious attempt to decipher Laura and Dopdi on the lines of Judith Butler’s notion of ‘gender performativity’. </em></p><p><em>In these two stories, quite distinct and diverse from each other in terms of the story line, the plot and the construction of the characters, I am more than intrigued on coming across this subtle yet compelling similarity between the ways in which the two female protagonists conduct their selves. I do suspect that both the authors from their given cultural positionings are carrying out a premeditated purposeful experiment. They make Laura and Dopdi/Draupadi render their individual resistance and protests in coherence to the world in terms of the body, its performance and their gender. I am yet to articulate this somewhat uncanny link that I can feel is there but have to discover it through a very careful process of unlayering. </em></p>

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Introduction. Annually, there are several patients attended the Center for Diagnosis and Prevention of Tick-borne Infections in Irkutsk after bites of ticks that happened outside the Pribaikalye region or abroad. In such cases, the attacking ticks do not belong to convenient species that are usual for Eastern Siberia. Consequently, the spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by these ticks may significantly differ from those that are detected by usual laboratory tests. Thus, both physicians and laboratory personnel may have difficulties in proper detection and identification of pathogens as well as in diagnosing and treating of such patients.The purpose of the study was the analysis of potential risks of human infection with the pathogens that are common in foreign countries outside the Russian Federation.Material and methods. The article uses information from electronic databases created by the authors during 2007-2017.Results and discussion. During 11 years of observations, 52 tick bites were registered in 20 countries, with 48 of them in the Eastern Hemisphere (92.3 %), three (5.8 %) in the United States and one (1.9 %) in the Republic of Cuba. The results indicate a real danger of infection by tick-borne pathogens of people traveling as the tourists and with business purposes to the countries of Europe, Asia and America. Conclusion. It is necessary to improve the existing algorithm for diagnosis, prevention and treatment for people bitten by ixodid ticks outside the Russian Federation, taking into account the possibility of infection by inconvenient imported infections.

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Introduction. Teaching industrial engineering in the second decade of the 21st century requires problem-solving and decision-making competencies oriented towards sustainable development. The growth of information metrics, the Internet of Things, virtual and augmented reality, and Artificial Intelligence bring more diverse, complex and imprecise challenges. This article aims to show a framework employing Challenge-based-learning, Project-based-learning and Computer-Aided technologies as dynamic resources supporting the comprehensive teaching of industrial engineers for industrial solutions oriented towards sustainable development. Materials and Methods. Our research involved a systemic analysis of the framework variables, the stages, and the partial results of its application in three academic years research. We selected several case studies to evaluate the professional competencies related to Sustainable Development Goals of industrial engineering students, using active learning tools integrated with Computer-Aided technologies. These cases illustrated the acquisition of Sustainable Development Goals competencies. Two simultaneous Latin American scenarios were examined (Mexico and Cuba). Results. Its main contribution is an appropriate framework for using Challenge-based-learning, Project-based-learning and Computer-Aided technologies as resources to develop professional competencies in industrial engineering and sustainable development. The control groups results demonstrate the utility, relevance, and accuracy of the proposed framework. Results. Its main contribution is an appropriate framework for using Challenge-based-learning, Project-based-learning and Computer-Aided technologies as resources to develop professional competencies in industrial engineering and sustainable development. The control groups results demonstrate the utility, relevance, and accuracy of the proposed framework. Discussion and Conclusion. The study of the theoretical and methodological components of teaching Industrial Engineering, emphasizing competencies, at two universities in Latin American countries revealed the need to understand Computer-Aided technologies as a complex process. The proposed framework considers Computer-Aided technologies per the typologies of selected competencies integrated into the curricular design, including Challenge-based-learning and Project-based-learning, oriented toward the Sustainable Development Goals. The authors’ conclusions contribute to the development of active learning methods in engineering, supported by the application of CAD/CAM/CAE tools and focused on the fulfillment of sustainable development objectives. The materials of the article will be useful for the teaching of Industrial Engineering from a digital transformation perspective, contextualized in sustainable development environments.

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-Sidney W. Mintz, Mats Lundahl, The Haitian economy: man, land and markets. New York: St. Martins Press, 1983. 290 pp.-Regine Altagrace Latortue, Léon-Francois Hoffmann, Essays on Haitian Literature. Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1984. 184 pp.-Robert Forster, Lieutenant Howard, The Haitian journal of lieutenant Howard, York Hussars, 1796-1798. Edited with an introduction by Roger Norman Buckley. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985. liv + 194.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo, año 1930. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicano, 1986. 2 vols. xi + 1120 pp.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo, año 1947. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1984. 2 vols. xi + 1018 pp.-David Bray, Bernardo Vega, Nazismo, fascismo y falangismo en la Republica Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1985. 415 pp.-Tony Thorndike, Bruce J. Calder, The impact of intervention: The Dominican Republic during the US occupation of 1916-1924. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984. 358 pp.-Marcella M. Little, Jacques Barbier ,The North American role in the Spanish imperial economy 1760-1819. Manchester, England, 1984: Manchester University Press. pp. 232., Allan J. Kuethe (eds)-Janette Forte, Peter Riviere, Individual and society in Guiana: a comparative study of Amerindian social organisation. Cambridge, London, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 127 pp.-Stephen D. Glazier, Jay D. Dobbin, The Jombee dance of Montserrat: a study of trance ritual in the West Indies. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1986. 202 pp.-Robert J. Stewart, Stephen D. Glazier, Marchin' the Pilgrims home: leadership and decision-making in an Afro-Caribbean faith. Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1983. xv + 165 pp.-Sidney M. Greenfield, Karen Fog Olwig, Cultural adaptation and resistance on St. John: three centuries of Afro-Caribbean life. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1985. xii + 226 pp.-Adam Kendon, William Washabaugh, Five fingers for survival. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, Inc., 1986. xiv + 198 pp.-Evelyne T. Menard, Carnot (F. Moloen), Alors ma chére...Propos d'un musicien guadeloupéen recueillis et traduits par Marie-Céline Lafontaine. Paris: Editions Caribéennes, 1986. 159 pp.-Sally Price, Suzanne Slesin ,Caribbean style. Authors include Daniel Rozensztroch. Photographs by Gilles de Chabaneix. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1985. 290 pp., Stafford Cliff, Jack Berthelot (eds)-Allison Blakely, Gert Oostindie ,In het land van de overheerser. Deel II. Antillianen en Surinamers in Nederland, 1634/1667-1954. Dordrecht (Holland) and Providence RI (U.S.A.): Foris Publications, 1986. xi + 255 pp., Emy Maduro (eds)-Rosemarijn Hoefte, E. van de Boogaart ,Overzee: Nederlandse koloniale geschiedenis, 1590-1975. Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoek, 1982. 291 pp., P.J. Drooglever et al (eds)-Frederick J. Conway, P.I. Gomes, Rural development in the Caribbean. London: C. Hurst and Company. New York: St. Martins Press, 1985. xxi + 246 pp.-Steve M. Slaby, Charles Edquist, Capitalism, socialism and technology: a comparative study of Cuba and Jamaica. London: Zed Books Ltd., 1985. xiii + 182 pp.-Joan D. Mandle, June Nash ,Women and social change in Latin America. South Hadley, Mass.: Bergin and Garvey Publishers, 1986. 372 pp., Helen Safa (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, Michael L. Conniff, Black labor on a white canal: Panama, 1904-1981. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985. xv + 221 pp.-Brackette F. Williams, Stephen Glazier, Caribbean ethnicity revisited. A special edition of Ethnic Groups, International periodical of ethnic studies. New York, London, Paris, Montreaux, Tokyo: Gordon Breach Science Publishers, 1985. 164 pp.-Gert J. Oostindie, Frauke Gewecke, Die Karibik; zur Geschichte, Politik und Kultur einer Region. Frankfurt/M: Verlag Klaus Dieter Vervuert 1984. 165 pp.

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This volume of Frontiers contains through-provoking articles, essays and book reviews that span a number of important areas in the field of education abroad. The authors provide useful insights into critical topics and deepen our understanding of the experience of our student sojourners. Shames and Alden of The Landmark School provide an overview of and present their own research on a critically important topic for education abroad: the impact of study abroad on identity development in students with learning disabilities and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The number of students with learning disabilities participating in study abroad has grown dramatically in recent years, and it is essential that we better understand these students and the nature of their study abroad experience. The authors suggest that some of the distinctive features of study abroad programs may contribute to positive identity development in these students. A study of North American students in Israel and the relationship between various aspects of their experience presents useful data not only for understanding Israel as a study abroad destination, but also other areas of the world where heritage study abroad, language learning, and ethnic identity interrelate. Donitsa-Schmidt and Vadish explore important relationships between study abroad elements that often influence student learning, and in so doing shed light on how the study abroad experience in Israel influences students’ identities, attitudes, and Hebrew language proficiency. In his article examining returning study abroad students, Hadis present his research on the determinants of “academic focusing” gains that we often observe in students returning from abroad, thereby contributing to our understanding of the experience of re-entry. Utilizing multiple regression and path analyses, he describes and analyzes student growth in terms of “Academic maturation” and the cluster of factors that contribute to their placing a priority on their academic work when they return from abroad. Using US models for understanding the international student experience, Grayson examines the experience of international students in Canada in his pilot for a three-year research study. This valuable study compares the experiences of domestic students with those of international students, and also the relationship between their experiences and outcomes. This research provides useful information regarding the factors that impact student success in another culture. The controversial decision by the US government to restrict educational travel to Cuba has meant that only a few US academic programs have been able to operate in Cuba. Bond, Koont, and Stephenson present data from their survey of students participating in three different short-term programs in Cuba with a focus on what they describe as the promotion of a “culture of peace,” alerting us to an important but often overlooked potential outcome of study abroad. Their article provides evidence for the value of short-term programs to Cuba. The Institute for International Education of Students continues to mine its extensive alumni database for important results on study abroad outcomes. In their article, Mohajeri Norris and Dwyer provide evidence that refutes the commonly-held assumption that direct enrollment, or so-called “full immersion programs,” lead to a fuller range of student learning outcomes than other program models. Drawing on IES alumni who studied abroad on both direct enrollment and hybrid programs, this study helps to inform this debate. In his article, Peppas addresses the outcomes for non-traditional students participating in short-term business tours abroad. Increasingly, students in fields such as the natural sciences, engineering, and business, all of which have been traditionally underrepresented, are participating in greater numbers in study abroad programs. Peppas offers insights into non-traditional adult study abroad students, many for whom the only option for study abroad is the short-term tour. Jane Jackson’s study provides further analysis of short-term study abroad through employing a qualitative measure: an analysis of students’ introspective accounts of their experience. Her use of diaries with her Hong Kong Chinese students studying abroad for five weeks in England suggests a model for both encouraging reflective learning and assessing it. The themes that emerge in the students’ reflections provide evidence of the value of short-term study. For the first time in our history, we are pleased to include in this volume an institutional case study. Drake University’s approach to campus internationalization and education abroad has received much attention. In this case study, Skidmore, Marston and Olson report on how this effort has progressed, and in doing so provide information that should prove useful for our work on our own campuses. This volume of Frontiers contains two essays that examine study abroad learning from broad perspectives. Slimbach presents a philosophical framework for understanding the “transcultural journey” that deepens our understanding of how students may be transformed by their sojourns. He draws upon a variety of sources to describe the psychological processes that, in many respects, are the most powerful and lasting aspects of study abroad. We hope that our readers appreciate the opportunity to read essays from faculty colleagues who have served as directors of abroad programs. After directing a program in China, Byrnes has developed his ideas concerning what he labels “other-regarding travel,” and in doing so provides a valuable faculty perspective on the study abroad learning process. This volume of Frontiers contains provocative book reviews that should inspire us to broaden our consideration of resources that can provide insights into our work. We are indeed fortunate to be in a profession that relates to so many intellectual traditions that inform our field. Our book reviews not only inspire us to read and consider a multiplicity of sources to make education abroad more meaningful, but also opens doors for discussions with faculty colleagues in related disciplines. In November, 2005, we will publish a Special Issue presenting seven outstanding student research projects completed as part of study abroad programs, along with faculty essays that reflect on the context for and the purposes of this research within their discipline, and within undergraduate education as a whole. These manuscripts were selected as part of the Forum on Education Abroad’s Undergraduate Research Award competition. The student articles were each blind-reviewed by the Frontiers Editorial Board. The resulting articles themselves are an exciting mix of high-quality research that spans several academic fields and geographic regions of the world. This Special Issue, made possible in part through a grant from the IFSA Foundation, we hope will be influential in shaping student learning in education abroad. With this volume, we welcome new sponsors to Frontiers and extend our thanks to them. The support of these new and of our continuing sponsoring institutions is testimony to their strong commitment to study abroad and their belief in the mission of Frontiers. Brian Whalen, Dickinson College

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EDITORIAL Tenho imenso prazer em apresentar a Edição Especial da Revista Prociências, intitulada “Capacitação em competência digital: uma resposta para o fortalecimento das instituições públicas nos países da América Latina e do Caribe”, que objetiva divulgar resultados iniciais do Programa de treinamento virtual para formadores em habilidades digitais, desenvolvido junto a países das citadas regiões.Nesse contexto, é necessário agradecer a confiança depositada na Revista Prociências pelas instituições que organizam e fomentam o referido Programa, ao escolher a nossa Revista como veículo para divulgação de resultados da execução das intervenções no âmbito dessas atividades. Notadamente, agradecer à Organização de Estados Ibero-americanos (OEI), à Agência Espanhola de Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento (AECID), ao Convênio Andrés Bello (CAB), e à Universidade Nacional de Educação a Distância (UNED) da Espanha, pela confiança depositada em nossa Revista.Desejo parabenizar os autores e autoras dos artigos que compõem esta Edição Especial, oriundos de diversos países da América Latina e do Caribe, como Argentina, Cuba, El Salvador, Peru, Uruguay y Venezuela, por socializar os resultados de seus projetos de pesquisa com os leitores da Revista Prociências.Expressar, também, meu reconhecimento ao trabalho realizado pelas Coordenadoras desta Edição da Revista, professoras Ana María Martín Cuadrado, Lourdes Pérez Sánchez, e Mabel Álvarez, que desde Argentina e Espanha foram determinantes na organização dos trabalhos, para oferecer aos leitores do nosso periódico científico um conjunto seleto de artigos que refletem resultados significativos do Programa em tela.Resta mencionar que a Revista Prociências continua à disposição da comunidade científica internacional para publicação de outras Edições Especiais, no formato Dossiê ou Edição Temática; e que a Revista recebe contribuições em fluxo contínuo, ação que contempla a submissão, recebimento e avaliação de artigos durante o ano todo.Aguardo, portanto, o recebimento de propostas de novas Edições Especiais da Revista, assim com trabalhos inéditos para as próximas edições regulares do nosso periódico.Para finalizar, desejo a todos uma profícua leitura desta Edição Especial da Revista Prociências, e me despeço, até a próxima edição da Revista! Walter R. Iriondo OteroEditor EDITORIAL I am very pleased to present the Special Issue of Prociências Journal, entitled "Training in Digital Competence: a response to strengthen public institutions in Latin American and Caribbean countries", which aims to publicize initial results of the Program of virtual training for trainers in digital skills that is developed with countries in these regions.In this context, it is crucial to recognize the institutions that organize and promote the Program for the confidence they have placed in Prociências Journal. I am grateful to them by choosing our journal to publish the results from their investigations.I would like to specially thank the Organization of American States (OAS), the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID), the Andrés Bello Agreement (CAB) and the National University for Distance Education (UNED) from Spain, for the trust placed in our journal.I would like to congratulate the authors of this Special Issue, who are from Argentina, Cuba, El Salvador, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela, for socializing the results of their research projects with the readers of Prociências Journal.I would also like to express my appreciation for the work done by the professors Ana María Martín Cuadrado, Lourdes Pérez Sánchez and Mabel Álvarez, who are the coordinators of this issue. From Argentina and Spain, they have been effective in organizing the work to offer the readers a high-quality set of articles that reflect significant results of our program.It is also worth mentioning that the Prociências Journal is still available to the international scientific community for the publication of other Special Issues in Dossier or Thematic Issue format. The Journal receives contributions on a continuous flow, an action that contemplates the submission, receipt, and evaluation of articles throughout the year.I look forward, therefore, to receive proposals for new Special Issues and unpublished works for the next regular issues of our journal.To conclude, I wish everyone a successful reading of our Special Issue. Walter R. Iriondo OteroEditor EDITORIAL Me da mucho gusto presentar la Edición Especial de la Revista Prociencias, titulada “Capacitación en competencia digital: una respuesta al fortalecimiento de las instituciones públicas en los países de América Latina y el Caribe”, que tiene como objetivo difundir los resultados iniciales del Programa de capacitación virtual de formadores en competencias digitales, desarrollado en países de las regiones antes mencionadas.En este contexto, es necesario agradecer la confianza depositada en la Revista Prociências por las instituciones que organizan y promueven el mencionado Programa, al elegir nuestra Revista como vehículo de difusión de los resultados de la ejecución de intervenciones en el ámbito de estas actividades. En particular, quisiera agradecer a la Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos (OEI), a la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID), al Convenio Andrés Bello (CAB), y a la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) de España, por la confianza depositada en nuestra Revista.Deseo felicitar a los autores y autoras de los artículos que componen esta Edición Especial, provenientes de diferentes países de América Latina y el Caribe, como Argentina, Cuba, El Salvador, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela, por compartir los resultados de sus proyectos de investigación con los lectores de la Revista Prociências.También quisiera expresar mi reconocimiento a la labor desarrollada por las Coordinadoras de esta Edición de la Revista, las profesoras Ana María Martín Cuadrado, Lourdes Pérez Sánchez y Mabel Álvarez, quienes desde Argentina y España fueron fundamentales en la organización de los trabajos, para ofrecer a los lectores de nuestra revista científica un selecto conjunto de artículos que reflejan resultados significativos del Programa en cuestión.Cabe mencionar que la Revista Prociências continúa a la disposición de la comunidad científica internacional para la publicación de otras Ediciones Especiales, en formato de Dossier o de Edición Temática; y que la Revista recibe contribuciones en un flujo continuo, acción que incluye el envío, recepción y evaluación de artículos a lo largo de todo el año.Por lo tanto, espero recibir propuestas para nuevos números especiales de Prociências, así como trabajos inéditos para los próximos números regulares de nuestra Revista.Finalmente, les deseo a todos una fructífera lectura de esta Edición Especial de la Revista Prociências, y me despido ¡hasta la próxima edición de la Revista! Walter R. Iriondo OteroEditor

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The Tachinidae (Diptera) of Chile are catalogued and information is given on distributions, name-bearing types, synonyms, nomenclatural issues, and pertinent literature. The history of tachinid collectors in Chile and authors who have contributed to the systematic knowledge of Chilean tachinids is extensively reviewed. The classification has been updated and 122 genera and 264 species are recognised in Chile. There is a significant amount of endemism with 28 genera and 100 species known only from Chile. There are also 113 species with distributions shared only between Chile and Argentina, particularly in the southern portions of these countries comprising Patagonia. The catalogue is based on examination of the original descriptions of all nominal species and all other references known to us containing relevant taxonomic and distributional information, for a total of approximately 450 references. Many of the name-bearing types and other Chilean specimens housed in collections were examined. Taxa are arranged hierarchically and alphabetically under the categories of subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus (where recognised), and species. Nomenclatural information is provided for genus-group and species-group names, including lists of synonyms (mostly restricted to Neotropical taxa) and name-bearing type data. Species distributions are recorded by country within the New World and by larger geographical divisions in the Old World. Additional information is given in the form of notes and references under valid names at the level of tribe, genus, and species. Two genera are newly recorded from Chile: Chaetoepalpus Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940 (Tachinini) (also newly recorded from Argentina) and Patelloa Townsend, 1916 (Goniini). Four species are newly recorded from Chile or other countries: Lypha ornata Aldrich, 1934 (Chile); Chaetoepalpus coquilleti Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940 (Argentina and Chile); Phytomyptera evanescens (Cortés, 1967) (Argentina); and Xanthobasis unicolor Aldrich, 1934 (Chile). Eight species previously recorded from Chile are deemed to have been misidentified or misrecorded from Chile (known distributions in parentheses): Archytas incertus (Macquart, 1851) (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay); Archytas seminiger (Wiedemann, 1830) (Brazil, Colombia); Gonia crassicornis (Fabricius, 1794) (Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Middle America, West Indies, Nearctic); Lespesia andina (Bigot, 1888) (Cuba); Lespesia archippivora (Riley, 1871) (widespread Nearctic and most of Neotropical); Neoethilla ignobilis (van der Wulp, 1890) (Mexico, United States); Siphona (Siphona) geniculata (De Geer, 1776) (Palaearctic, Nearctic [introduced]); and Winthemia quadripustulata (Fabricius, 1794) (Palaearctic, Nearctic, Oriental]. As First Reviser we fix Paratheresia rufiventris Townsend, 1929 as the senior hom*onym and Sarcoprosena rufiventris Townsend, 1929 as the junior hom*onym when the two are placed together in Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830; and we fix Mayophorinia angusta Townsend, 1927 as the senior hom*onym and Metarrhinomyia angusta Townsend, 1927 as the junior hom*onym when the two are placed together in Myiopharus Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889. New replacement names are proposed for eight preoccupied names of Neotropical species (country of type locality in parentheses): Billaea rufescens O’Hara &amp; Wood for Sarcoprosena rufiventris Townsend, 1929, preoccupied in the genus Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 by Paratheresia rufiventris Townsend, 1929 (Peru), nom. nov.; Billaea triquetrus O’Hara &amp; Wood for Sarcoprosena triangulifera Townsend, 1927, preoccupied in the genus Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 by Dexia triangulifera Zetterstedt, 1844 (Peru), nom. nov.; Eucelatoria nudioculata O’Hara &amp; Wood for Eucelatorioidea nigripalpis Thompson, 1968, preoccupied in the genus Eucelatoria Townsend, 1909 by Chetolyga nigripalpis Bigot, 1889 (Trinidad), nom. nov.; Eucelatoria oblonga O’Hara &amp; Wood for Urodexodes elongatum Cortés &amp; Campos, 1974, preoccupied in the genus Eucelatoria Townsend, 1909 by Exorista elongata van der Wulp, 1890 (Chile), nom. nov.; Lespesia thompsoni O’Hara &amp; Wood for Sturmiopsoidea obscura Thompson, 1966, preoccupied in the genus Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 by Eurigaster obscurus Bigot, 1857 (Cuba), nom. nov.; Myiopharus charapensis O’Hara &amp; Wood for Metarrhinomyia angusta Townsend, 1927, preoccupied in the genus Myiopharus Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 by Mayophorinia angusta Townsend, 1927 (Peru), nom. nov.; Myiopharus incognitus O’Hara &amp; Wood for Stenochaeta claripalpis Thompson, 1968, preoccupied in the genus Myiopharus Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 by Neoxynopsoidea claripalpis Thompson, 1968 (Trinidad), nom. nov.; and Myiopharus rufopalpus O’Hara &amp; Wood for Paralispe palpalis Townsend, 1929, preoccupied in the genus Myiopharus Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 by Myioxynops palpalis Townsend, 1927 (Peru), nom. nov. New type species fixations are made under the provisions of Article 70.3.2 of the ICZNCode for three genus-group names: Parafabricia Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1894 (synonym of Archytas Jaennicke, 1867), type species newly fixed as Parafabricia perplexa Townsend, 1931; Tachinodes Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 (synonym of Archytas Jaennicke, 1867), type species newly fixed as Jurinia metallica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830; and Willistonia Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 (synonym of Belvosia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), type species newly fixed as Willistonia aldrichi Townsend, 1931. Lectotypes are designated for the following four nominal species, all described or possibly described from Chile: Echinomyia pygmaea Macquart, 1851 (a valid name in the genus Peleteria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830); Gonia chilensis Macquart, 1844 (a junior synonym of Gonia pallens Wiedemann, 1830); Masicera auriceps Macquart, 1844 (a valid name in the genus Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863); and Prosopochoeta nitidiventris Macquart, 1851 (a valid name in the genus Prosopochaeta Macquart, 1851). The following 27 new or revived combinations are proposed (distributions in parentheses): Blepharipeza andina Bigot, 1888 is moved to Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 as L. andina, nomen dubium (Cuba), comb. nov.; Camposodes evanescens Cortés, 1967 is moved to Phytomyptera Rondani, 1845 as P. evanescens (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Ectophasiopsis ypiranga Dios &amp; Nihei, 2017 is moved to Trichopoda Berthold, 1827 and assigned to subgenus Galactomyia Townsend, 1908 as T. (G.) ypiranga (Argentina, Brazil), comb. nov.; Embiomyia australis Aldrich, 1934 is moved to Steleoneura Stein, 1924 as S. australis (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Eurigaster modestus Bigot, 1857 is moved to Lespesia as L. modesta (Cuba), comb. nov.; Eurigaster obscurus Bigot, 1857 is moved to Lespesia as L. obscura (Cuba), comb. nov.; Macropatelloa tanumeana Townsend, 1931 is moved to Patelloa Townsend, 1916 as P. tanumeana (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Masicera insignis van der Wulp, 1882 is moved to Drino Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 as D. insignis (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Parasetigena hichinsi Cortés, 1967 is moved to Chetogena Rondani, 1856 as C. hichinsi (Chile), comb. nov.; Parasetigena porteri Brèthes, 1920 and junior synonym Stomatotachina splendida Townsend, 1931 are moved to Chetogena as C. porteri (Chile), both comb. nov.; Phorocera calyptrata Aldrich, 1934 is moved to Admontia Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 as A. calyptrata (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Poliops auratus Campos, 1953 is moved to Admontia Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889 as A. aurata (Chile), comb. nov.; Poliops striatus Aldrich, 1934 is moved to Admontia as A. striata (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Ruiziella frontosa Cortés, 1951 is moved to Chaetoepalpus Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940 and placed in synonymy with C. coquilleti Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940 (Argentina, Chile, Peru), comb. nov.; Ruiziella luctuosa Cortés, 1951 is moved to Chaetoepalpus as C. luctuosus (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Sarcoprosena luteola Cortés &amp; Campos, 1974 is moved to Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 as B. luteola (Chile), comb. nov.; Sarcoprosena rufiventris Townsend, 1929 is moved to Billaea where it is a junior secondary hom*onym and is renamed B. rufescens O’Hara &amp; Wood (Peru), comb. nov.; Sarcoprosena triangulifera Townsend, 1927 is moved to Billaea where it is a junior secondary hom*onym and is renamed B. triquetrus O’Hara &amp; Wood (Peru),comb. nov.; Saundersia aurea Giglio-Tos, 1893 is moved to “Unplaced species of Tachinini” (Mexico), comb. nov.; Schistostephana aurifrons Townsend, 1919 is moved to Billaea as B. aurifrons (Peru), comb. nov.; Siphoactia charapensis Townsend, 1927 is moved to Clausicella Rondani, 1856 as C. charapensis (Peru), comb. nov.; Siphoactia peregrina Cortés &amp; Campos, 1971 is moved to Clausicella as C. peregrina (Chile), comb. nov.; Sturmia festiva Cortés, 1944 is moved to Drino as D. festiva (Argentina, Chile), comb. nov.; Sturmiopsoidea obscura Thompson, 1966 is moved to Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, where it is a junior secondary hom*onym and is renamed L. thompsoni O’Hara &amp; Wood (Trinidad), comb. nov.; Trichopoda arcuata Bigot, 1876 is returned to Trichopoda from Ectophasiopsis Townsend, 1915 and assigned to subgenus Galactomyia (Argentina, Chile), comb. revived; and Trichopoda gradata Wiedemann, 1830 is returned to Trichopoda from Ectophasiopsis and assigned to subgenus Galactomyia (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay), comb. revived. New or revived generic and specific synonymies are proposed for the following 14 names: Camposodes Cortés, 1967 with Phytomyptera Rondani, 1845, syn. nov.; Ectophasiopsis Townsend, 1915 with Trichopoda Berthold, 1827, subgenus Galactomyia Townsend, 1908, syn. nov.; Embiomyia Aldrich, 1934 with Steleoneura Stein, 1924, syn. nov.; Fabricia andicola Bigot, 1888 with Peleteria robusta (Wiedemann, 1830), syn. revived; Macropatelloa Townsend, 1931 with Patelloa Townsend, 1916, syn. nov.; Peleteria inca Curran, 1925 with Peleteria robusta (Wiedemann, 1830), syn. revived; Poliops Aldrich, 1934 with Admontia Brauer &amp; Bergenstamm, 1889, syn. nov.; Ruiziella Cortés, 1951 with Chaetoepalpus Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940, syn. nov.; Ruiziella frontosa Cortés, 1951 with Chaetoepalpus coquilleti Vimmer &amp; Soukup, 1940, syn. nov.; Sarcoprosena Townsend, 1927 with Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, syn. nov.; Schistostephana Townsend, 1919 with Billaea, syn. nov.; Siphoactia Townsend, 1927 with Clausicella Rondani, 1856, syn. nov.; Stomatotachina Townsend, 1931 with Chetogena Rondani, 1856, syn. nov.; and Sturmiopsoidea Thompson, 1966 with Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, syn. nov.

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Constant demand for new naval and commercial vessels has created special conditions for the Government-owned Soviet shipbuilding industry, which practically has not been affected by the world shipbuilding crisis. On the other hand, such chronic diseases of the centralized economy as lack of incentive, material shortage and poor workmanship cause specific problems for ship construction. Being technically and financially unable to rapidly improve the overall technology level and performance of the entire industry, the Soviets concentrate their efforts on certain important areas and have achieved significant results, especially in welding and cutting titanium and aluminum alloys, modular production methods, standardization, etc. All productivity improvement efforts are supported by an army of highly educated engineers and scientists at shipyards, in multiple scientific, research and design institutions. Discussion Edwin J. Petersen, Todd Pacific Shipyards Three years ago I addressed the Ship Production Symposium as chairman of the Ship Production Committee and outlined some major factors which had contributed to the U.S. shipbuilding industry's remarkable achievements in building and maintaining the world's largest naval and merchant fleets during the five-year period starting just before World War II. The factors were as follows:There was a national commitment to get the job done. The shipbuilding industry was recognized as a needed national resource. There was a dependable workload. Standardization was extensively and effectively utilized. Shipbuilding work was effectively organized. Although these lessons appear to have been lost by our Government since World War II, the paper indicates that the Soviet Union has picked up these principles and has applied them very well to its current shipbuilding program. The paper also gives testimony to the observation that the Soviet Government recognizes the strategic and economic importance of a strong merchant fleet as well as a powerful naval fleet. In reviewing the paper, I found great similarity between the Soviet shipbuilding productivity improvement efforts and our own efforts or goals under the National Shipbuilding Research Program in the following areas:welding technology, flexible automation (robotics), application of group technology, standardization, facilities development, and education and training. In some areas, the Soviet Union appears to be well ahead of the United States in improving the shipbuilding process. Most noteworthy among these is the stable long-and medium-range planning that is possible by virtue of the use and adherence to the "Table of Vessel Classes." It will be obvious to most who hear and read these comments what a vast and significant improvement in shipbuilding costs and schedules could be achieved with a relatively dependable 15year master ship procurement plan for the U.S. naval and merchant fleets. Another area where the Soviet Union appears to lead the United States is in the integration of ship component suppliers into the shipbuilding process. This has been recognized as a vital step by the National Shipbuilding Research Program, but so far we have not made significant progress. A necessary prerequisite for this "supplier integration" is extensive standardization of ship components, yet another area in which the Soviets have achieved significantly greater progress than we have. Additional areas of Soviet advantage are the presence of a multilevel research and development infrastructure well supported by highly educated scientists, engineering and technical personnel; and better integration of formally educated engineering and technical personnel into the ship production process. In his conclusion, the author lists a number of problems facing the Soviet economy that adversely affect shipbuilding productivity. Perhaps behind this listing we can delve out some potential U.S. shipbuilding advantages. First, production systems in U.S. shipyards (with the possible exception of naval shipyards) are probably more flexible and adjustable to meet new circ*mstances as a consequence of not being constrained by a burdensome centralized bureaucracy, as is the case with Soviet shipyards. Next, such initiatives as the Ship Production Committee's "Human Resources Innovation" projects stand a better chance of achieving product-oriented "production team" relationship among labor, management, and technical personnel than the more rigid Soviet system, especially in view of the ability of U.S. shipyard management to offer meaningful financial incentives without the kind of bureaucratic constraints imposed in the Soviet system. Finally, the current U.S. Navy/shipbuilding industry cooperative effort to develop a common engineering database should lead to a highly integrated and disciplined ship design, construction, operation, and maintenance system for naval ships (and subsequently for commercial ships) that will ultimately restore the U.S. shipbuilding process to a leadership position in the world marketplace (additional references [16] and [17]).On that tentatively positive note, it seems fitting to close this discussion with a question: Is the author aware of any similar Soviet effort to develop an integrated computer-aided design, production and logistics support system? The author is to be congratulated on an excellent, comprehensive insight into the Soviet shipbuilding process and productivity improvement efforts that should give us all adequate cause not to be complacent in our own efforts. Peter M. Palermo, Naval Sea Systems Command The author presents an interesting paper that unfortunately leaves this reader with a number of unanswered questions. The paper is a paradox. It depicts a system consisting of a highly educated work force, advanced fabrication processes including the use of standardized hull modules, sophisticated materials and welding processes, and yet in the author's words they suffer from "low productivity, poor product quality, . . . and the rigid production systems which resists the introduction of new ideas." Is it possible that incentive, motivation, and morale play an equally significant role in achieving quality and producibility advances? Can the author discuss underlying reasons for quality problems in particular—or can we assume that the learning curves of Figs. 5 and Fig. 6 are representative of quality improvement curves? It has been my general impression that quality will improve with application of high-tech fabrication procedures, enclosed fabrication ways, availability of highly educated welding engineers on the building ways, and that productivity would improve with the implementation of modular or zone outfitting techniques coupled with the quality improvements. Can the author give his impressions of the impact of these innovations in the U.S. shipbuilding industry vis-a-vis the Soviet industry? Many of the welding processes cited in the paper are also familiar to the free world, with certain notable exceptions concerning application in Navy shipbuilding. For example, (1) electroslag welding is generally confined to single-pass welding of heavy plates; application to thinner plates—l1/4 in. and less when certified—would permit its use in more applications than heretofore. (2) Electron beam welding is generally restricted to high-technology machinery parts; vacuum chamber size restricts its use for larger components (thus it must be assumed that the Soviets have solved the vacuum chamber problem or have much larger chambers). (3) Likewise, laser welding has had limited use in U.S. shipbuilding. An interesting theme that runs throughout the paper, but is not explicitly addressed, is the quality of Soviet ship fitting. The use of high-tech welding processes and the mention of "remote controlled tooling for welding and X-ray testing the butt, and for following painting" imply significant ship fitting capabilities for fitting and positioning. This is particularly true if modules are built in one facility, outfitted and assembled elsewhere depending on the type of ship required. Any comments concerning Soviet ship fitting capabilities would be appreciated. The discussion on modular construction seems to indicate that the Soviets have a "standard hull module" that is used for different types of vessels, and if the use of these hull modules permit increasing hull length without changes to the fore and aft ends, it can be assumed that they are based on a standard structural design. That being the case, the midship structure will be overdesigned for many applications and optimally designed for very few. Recognizing that the initial additional cost for such a piece of hull structure is relatively minimal, it cannot be forgotten that the lifecycle costs for transporting unnecessary hull weight around can have significant fuel cost impacts. If I perceived the modular construction approach correctly, then I am truly intrigued concerning the methods for handling the distributive systems. In particular, during conversion when the ship is lengthened, how are the electrical, fluid, communications, and other distributive systems broken down, reassembled and tested? "Quick connect couplings" for these type systems at the module breaks is one particular area where economies can be achieved when zone construction methods become the order of the day in U.S. Navy ships. The author's comments in this regard would be most welcome. The design process as presented is somewhat different than U.S. Navy practice. In U.S. practice, Preliminary and Contract design are developed by the Navy. Detail design, the development of the working drawings, is conducted by the lead shipbuilder. While the detail design drawings can be used by follow shipbuilders, flexibility is permitted to facilitate unique shipbuilding or outfitting procedures. Even the contract drawings supplied by the Navy can be modified— upon Navy approval—to permit application of unique shipbuilder capabilities. The large number of college-trained personnel entering the Soviet shipbuilding and allied fields annually is mind-boggling. According to the author's estimation, a minimum of about 6500 college graduates—5000 of which have M.S. degrees—enter these fields each year. It would be most interesting to see a breakdown of these figures—in particular, how many naval architects and welding engineers are included in these figures? These are disciplines with relatively few personnel entering the Navy design and shipbuilding field today. For example, in 1985 in all U.S. colleges and universities, there were only 928 graduates (B.S., M.S. and Ph.D.) in marine, naval architecture and ocean engineering and only 1872 graduates in materials and metallurgy. The number of these graduates that entered the U.S. shipbuilding field is unknown. Again, the author is to be congratulated for providing a very thought-provoking paper. Frank J. Long, Win/Win Strategies This paper serves not only as a chronicle of some of the productivity improvement efforts in Soviet shipbuilding but also as an important reminder of the fruits of those efforts. While most Americans have an appreciation of the strengths of the Russian Navy, this paper serves to bring into clearer focus the Russians' entire maritime might in its naval, commercial, and fishing fleets. Indeed, no other nation on earth has a greater maritime capability. It is generally acknowledged that the Soviet Navy is the largest in the world. When considering the fact that the commercial and fishing fleets are, in many military respects, arms of the naval fleet, we can more fully appreciate how awesome Soviet maritime power truly is. The expansion of its maritime capabilities is simply another but highly significant aspect of Soviet worldwide ambitions. The development and updating of "Setka Typov Su dov" (Table of Vessel Classes), which the author describes is a classic example of the Soviet planning process. As the author states, "A mighty fishing and commercial fleet was built in accordance with a 'Setka' which was originally developed in the 1960's. And an even more impressive example is the rapid expansion of the Soviet Navy." In my opinion it is not mere coincidence that the Russians embarked on this course in the 1960's. That was the beginning of the coldest of cold war periods—Francis Gary Power's U-2 plane was downed by the Russians on May 1, 1960; the mid-May 1960 Four Power Geneva Summit was a bust; the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961 and, in 1962, we had the Cuban Missile Crisis. The United States maritime embargo capability in that crisis undoubtedly influenced the Soviet's planning process. It is a natural and normal function of a state-controlled economy with its state-controlled industries to act to bring about the controlled productivity improvement developments in exactly the key areas discussed in the author's paper. As the author states, "All innovations at Soviet shipyards have originated at two main sources:domestic development andadaptation of new ideas introduced by leading foreign yards, or most likely a combination of both. Soviet shipbuilders are very fast learners; moreover, their own experience is quite substantial." The Ship Production Committee of SNAME has organized its panels to conduct research in many of these same areas for productivity improvement purposes. For example, addressing the areas of technology and equipment are Panels SP-1 and 3, Shipbuilding Facilities and Environmental Effects, and Panel SP-7, Shipbuilding Welding. Shipbuilding methods are the province of SP-2; outfitting and production aids and engineering and scientific support are the province of SP-4, Design Production Integration. As I read through the descriptions of the processes that led to the productivity improvements, I was hoping to learn more about the organizational structure of Soviet shipyards, the managerial hierarchy and how work is organized by function or by craft in the shipyard. (I would assume that for all intents and purposes, all Russian yards are organized in the same way.) American shipyard management is wedded to the notion that American shipbuilding suffers immeasurably from a productivity standpoint because of limitations on management's ability to assign workers across craft lines. It is unlikely that this limitation exists in Soviet shipyards. If it does not, how is the unfettered right of assignment optimized? What are the tangible, measurable results? I believe it would have been helpful, also, for the author to have dedicated some of the paper to one of the most important factors in improvement in the labor-intensive shipbuilding industry—the shipyard worker. There are several references to worker problems—absenteeism, labor shortage, poor workmanship, and labor discipline. The reader is left with the impression that the Russians believe that either those are unsolvable problems or have a priority ranking significantly inferior to the organizational, technical, and design efforts discussed. As a case in point, the author devotes a complete section to engineering education and professional training but makes no mention of education or training programs for blue-collar workers. It would seem that a paper on productivity improvement efforts in Soviet shipbuilding would address this most important element. My guess is that the Russians have considerable such efforts underway and it would be beneficial for us to learn of them.

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That was the year that was! 2021 seemingly arrived just yesterday and now we are shortly to bid it farewell. I hailed its predecessor as heralding the hope for a new clarity of vision – the start of a new decade which promised much. However, I have become reminded that perfect 20/20 vision in the present may not necessarily lead to reliable predictions for the future. Further I have immediately been taken back to my undergraduate days and the unforgettable words of the great poet T. S Eliot in his poem Burnt Norton – the first of the four Quartets Time present and time past Are both perhaps present in time future, And time future contained in time past. If all time is eternally present All time is unredeemable. What might have been is an abstraction Remaining a perpetual possibility Only in a world of speculation. What might have been and what has been Point to one end, which is always present They are words that seem to ring particularly true not only to anyone contemplating their remorselessly advancing years and reflecting on a career nearing completion, but they also seem particularly apposite for the experiences of the last two years. The pandemic started by destroying our expectations and predictions for what lay ahead. It ensured that our best laid plans for our immediate futures would remain unfulfilled and thus unredeemable. Subsequently during the year, we were left to speculate as to our future pathways - not only with regard to our professional activities, but also concerning our personal and family relationships – with a whole world of separation between ourselves and those of our kith and kin domiciled in distant lands. Though for some it may have been no more than a regional border! Such forced isolation caused many of us to think backwards as well, reflecting on our past trajectories and recalling both mistakes and successes alike. Yet for many it became a time to substitute the incessant demands of work and its associated travel and busy-ness with former and forgotten pleasures. Leisurely walks with friends and family, the rediscovering of rhythms and tempos unimpeded by the daily demands of our diaries and other extraneous demands on our time that had required us to respond immediately and forgo the immediate needs of the surroundings and people closest to us. Above all, with the future in limbo and the past re-emerging in our minds, it reinforced the realisation that the present is what we really have, and it contains what is most important. For a time, the incessant chatter and noise of the media retained our attention, just as it had dominated our attention at the end of 2019. Yet, somehow during the year, the hype and frenzied reporting seems to have diminished in impact. This was nowhere more evident than in the responses to COP26 – the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK. Items in the press came thick and fast leading up to the event: predictions of planetary doom; political conflicts were highlighted as world leaders met or didn’t meet on the conference stage; appearances by the celebrities of the world; demonstrations aplenty. All of this breathless activity faded imperceptibly out of our consciousness as the serious (but more boring?) negotiations between nations started to take place, with much of the brilliance of the limelight now exhausted. The anticlimactic conclusion was judged by Boris Johnson, the chair and among the most optimistic of politicians, as achieving a 6 out of 10. Several positive outcomes were identified such as: commitments to end deforestation; a global methane pledge; a socalled ‘Breakthrough Agenda’, which committed countries to work together to accelerate the clean energy transition. Yet predictably, this was labelled by the critics and activists as too little too late. Although there are many who would see climate crisis as the major crisis that faces us – there are many other current crises of even more pressing and immediate concern to very many of us. The most urgent of which, would depend upon your own circ*mstances and where you might find yourself in the world. Examples from recent media would include: the loss of previously taken for granted freedoms in Hong Kong; increased fears for personal safety and the prospect of hunger and poverty in Afghanistan; the loss of political freedoms and the prospects of war in Belarus and the Ukraine; the prospect of secession leading to renewed civil war in Serbia; another military coup in Sudan; civil unrest in Cuba, etc etc.. On a global scale the movement of people leaving failed states and war-torn areas looking for the chance to make a better future, has continued to increase on a scale that the world is quite unable to manage. Sadly, even in the countries that are eagerly sought as destinies, there seem to be endless stories of strife, anxiety and anger to be told. The Economist provides the example of France, the ninth largest economy in the world with the 20th largest population of 67+ million. This pillar of Europe is facing a presidential election. Far from rejoicing in its prosperity, stability and proud history – the mood is sombre. Tune in to any French prime time talk show this autumn, and discussion rages over the country’s wretched decline. France is losing its factories and jobs, squeezing incomes and small businesses, destroying its landscapes and language, neglecting its borders and squandering its global stature. Its people are fractious and divided, if not on the verge of a civil war, as a public letter from retired army officers suggested earlier this year. At the second presidential primary debate for the centre-right Republicans party, on November 14th, the five candidates competed with each other to chronicle French disaster. Listen to the hard right, and it is “the death of France as we know it”. The anxiety is widespread. In a recent poll 75% agreed that France is “in decline”. When asked to sum up their mood in another survey, the French favoured three words: uncertainty, worry and fatigue. So, we are entitled to ask, what is happening in the world as we contemplate the path out of Covid? Should we not be expecting some feeling of optimism and gratitude that modern medicine has provided a way forward out of the pandemic through vaccination and new medical treatments? We should be putting the trials and tribulations of the pandemic behind us, embracing the lessons we have learnt and anticipating the benefits of the reassessments and recalibrations we have undergone over the last two years. Yet instead, we seem to be facing re-entry into a world of strife and dissension. It is a view that that would seem to encourage retreat into the comfort of a limited and familiar space, rather than striking out confidently and optimistically. So, to return to Eliot – perhaps we need to be reminded that the present is all we have. We will only be able to experience our future when we arrive there. Therefore, the pathway we choose to it, should be as smooth, rich and rewarding as possible. It should not be characterised by hedonism but rather by enhancing rather than diminishing the future. Every moment spent devaluing either our future or our past, is a moment that further undermines our present. This last point is particularly true when we fail to see our present in the context of both our past and future. One of the major contributions to this current angst within our societies, appears to be the cultural wars being waged by the warriors of WOKE. Passing judgements on figures from a previous time, without a clear understanding of the context in which they operated makes absolutely no sense. It is akin to a capital punishment abolitionist vilifying the heroes of the French Revolution for allowing Madame Guillotine to be the agent of their retribution against the aristocracy. So, it is with defacing statues of those who lived and acted in far different times and were the product of the dominant values and beliefs of that time. It is indeed an act of vandalism. If we remove all evidence of the history to which such people belonged, how can we expect to learn from that time and ensure that the world does indeed move forward? Although we are talking about the context provided by time – this is equally true of all the contexts in which we currently find ourselves. It is impossible to understand human behaviour without knowing and understanding the context in which it occurs. This is a key principle of the science of human behaviour. Alas it is a principle that has been neglected in the sport sciences in recent years. Whereas research into the physiology, psychology and biomechanics of sport has flourished, too often it is reported in a way that fails to adequately take account of the context in which it occurs. It is why so many findings are ungeneralisable and remain in the laboratory rather than making the journey out onto the playing field of life. Understanding the history and the social context within which sport is practised is essential if scientists and professionals are going to be able to make comparisons between findings gained in different settings. Comparative studies in sport and physical education play an important role in enabling knowledge and understanding about these institutions to be widely shared. Our journal therefore has an important role to play in the development and sharing of knowledge and understanding between scientists and professionals in different settings. This is a role that has been filled by our journal over the last forty-three years. I am pleased to be able to report that the society (ISCPES), following a break of four years in activity, will be meeting again at the end of this year. The meeting which can be attended online will be hosted by Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education in India. Details are provided in this edition, and I commend this important meeting to you. That there is an interest and demand in comparative and international studies is clear from the number of submissions we have been receiving for our journal. The chance to meet with fellow researchers and colleagues in real time, if not actually face to face, is to be welcomed. It is my fervent hope that this will lead to continuing growth in interest in our multidiscipline and internationally focused field. I congratulate the organisers for their initiative. I would also like to pay tribute to former president Dr Walter Ho of the University of Macau, for his role in this as well as for his continuing support of our journal. So, I come to commend to you the contributions of this latest volume. They come from four different continents and as such provide a representative cross section of our readership. The topics about which they write give an example of the range of understanding and practices that can usefully be shared amongst us. In our first paper Croteau, Eduljee and Murphy report on the health, lifestyle behaviours and well-being of international Masters field hockey athletes. The Masters sport movement provides an important example of why sport represents a solid investment in assisting individuals to commit to health supporting physical activity across the lifespan. The study is particularly interesting, as it provides evidence of the broader sense of wellbeing to be gained by ongoing participation and also the fact that this benefit seems to apply even in the geographic and culturally different environments provided by life in Europe, North America and, Asia and the Pacific. Our second paper by Kubayi, Coopoo and Toriola addresses a familiar problem – the breakdown in communication between researchers and scientists in sport and the coaches who work with the athletes. The context for this study is provided by elite performance level sport in South Africa and the sports of soccer, athletics, hockey and netball. It is concluded that the sports scientists and academics need to be encouraged to make their work more available by presenting it more frequently face to face during coaching workshops, seminars, clinics and conferences. However, the caveat is that this needs to be done in a way that is understandable, applicable and relevant to helping the coach make effective decisions and solve problems in a way that benefits the athletes as the end product. A team of medical and pedagogical scientists from Gadjah Mada University in Indonesia provide the Asian input to this volume. They raise a concern over the issue of safety and risk in physical education and how well specialists in the subject are prepared in the area of sport injury management. Hidayat, Sakti, Putro, Triannga, Farkhan, Rahayu and Magetsari collaborated in a survey of 191 physical education teachers. They concluded that there was a need for better and more sustained teacher education on this important topic. PE teacher training should not only upgrade teachers’ knowledge but also increase their self-perceptions of competence. PE teachers should be provided with enhanced training on sports injuries and Basic Life Support (BLS) skills, in order to improve the safety and maximize the benefits of PE classes. It is a finding that could usefully be compared with current practices in other countries and settings, given the common focus in the PE lesson on children performing challenging tasks in widely varying contexts. Our final paper by Rojo, Ribeiro and Starepravo takes a very much broader perspective. Sport migration is a relatively new, specialised but expanding field in sports studies. This paper is however significant not for what it can tell us about current knowledge in sport migration, but rather in what it tells us about the way knowledge is gathered and disseminated in a specialist area such as this. Building on the ideas of Bourdieu, they demonstrate how the field of knowledge is shaped by the key actors in the process and how these key actors serve to gather and use their academic capital in that process. As such fields of knowledge can become artificially constricted in both the spaces and cultures in which they develop. The authors highlight a very real problem in the generation and transmission of academic knowledge, and it is one that International Sports Studies is well positioned to address. In conclusion, may I encourage you in sharing with these papers to actively engage in reflecting on the importance of the varying contexts these authors bring and how sensitivity to this can enlarge and deepen our own practices and understanding. John Saunders Brisbane, November 2021

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Los artículos contenidos en este número de la Revista Boletín Redipe siguen la dirección que ha logrado hasta ahora de examinar con consciencia crítica, refexiva y generativa asuntos relacionados con la educación y sus procesos. Currículo, didáctica, gestión y política educativa, aprendizaje, ciudadanía e inclusión, son el grueso temático que confgura esta edición. LA TEORIA GENERAL DE SISTEMAS: UN PUENTE RELACIONAL ENTRE EL PENSAMIENTO RIZOMÁTICO Y COMPLEJO EN LA INFERENCIA DEL CURRÍCULO RURAL. Hugo Iván Marquínez GruezoMario Alberto Álvarez López. Artículo derivado de investigación. Pretende desde los planteamientos de la teoría general de los sistemas establecer una inferencia relacional entre el pensamiento rizomático y complejo en concordancia con las inferencias criticas al currículo rural. El análisis se planteó desde la signifcancia teórica-conceptual de lo rizomático y las dinámicas de la complejidad, aportando en la comprensión, de manera sucinta la convergencia en la que se encuentra instalado lo educativo, el cual direcciona el conocimiento de los estudiantes en el orden, la lógica, la racionalidad y en los modelos pedagógicos predefnidos. DIDACTOLOGÍA, BIOPODER Y BIOPOLÍTICA EN LA ENSEÑANZA Y APRENDIZAJE DE LAS LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS EN COLOMBIA: APROXIMACIÓN CRÍTICA AL MARCO COMÚN EUROPEO DE REFERENCIA. Jorge Hernán Herrera Pineda, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia. Artículo derivado de investigación. Enmarcada desde una perspectiva decolonial y glotopolítica, con enfoque cualitativo y diseño Análisis Crítico del Discurso, refexiona en torno al Marco Común Europeo de Referencia (MCER), concibiéndolo desde la teoría de la elección racional de Alarcón como responsable de la mercantilización de las lenguas extranjeras en Colombia. Analiza las implicaciones didactológicas, biopolíticas y de biopoder del MCER en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de las lenguas extranjeras del país. Se afrma que como consecuencia de la racionalidad empresarial que lo soporta, se ha instrumentalizado el acto comunicativo, con lo cual, las lenguas extranjeras han quedado reifcadas con intención didactológica simplista al servicio de la comunicación, desestimando el intercambio simbólico e interpretativo que se teje en la semiótica social, fundamento de las lenguas de cultura. GLOBAL SKILLS IN PUBLIC ACCOUNTANCY: A VISION FOR THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE CURRICULUM. Cecilia Garzón Daza. San Mateo University FoundationCatholic University of Colombia. The article aims for identifying the global skills in public accountancy facing the construction of a vision for the internationalization of the curriculum ft to the dynamics of the globalización. Through a descriptive qualitative methodologic approach the global skills are addressed from the perspective of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Then, focus on the internationalization of the curriculum that contributes to the performance of the public accountant in the globalized world. FAMILIA Y CENTRO EDUCATIVO: PERCEPCIÓN DE LOS DIRECTORES DE LICEOS. Mónica Esquibel de León, Universidad Católica Argentina- Uruguay. Artículo de investigación. Se parte de un análisis de la situación educativa compleja de la enseñanza media y se comunican algunos resultados de la investigación llevada a cabo en la Región Este de Uruguay. Se investigaron las percepciones de los directores y subdirectores de centros de enseñanza media sobre la temática vinculada con la relación familia y centro educativo en ese tramo etáreo. Se diseñaron 4 grupos focales que se llevan adelante en esa zona geográfca. La investigación arroja consenso en los equipos directivos en que las demandas y las características de las situaciones que vivencian con las familias desbordan y exceden a su formación como docentes y como directivos. La importancia del papel de las familias en los logros de los estudiantes resaltada por la bibliografía actual contrasta con las difcultades del trabajo en territorio planteadas por los equipos directivos. CONSTRUCTION OF THOUGHT IN PUBLIC POLICIES AND ARTISTIC PROCESSES WITH CHILDHOODS: REFLECTIONS FROM THE ARTISTIC INITIATION PROGRAM – PIÁ. Joice Rodrigues de Lima, UDESC, Brasil. I propose here to articulate refections about the structuring of public policies in the feld of arts and childhoods, considering some actions carried out in PIÁ - Artistic Initiation Program, between 2008 and 2018, specifcally. This program has been taking place for more than 14 years, uninterruptedly, in the four macro-regions of the city of São Paulo - SP, with management of the Secretariat of Culture in partnership with Education. Its practices are with and for children and adolescents between 5 and 14 years old and artists educators of the languages of music, theater, literature, visual arts and dance, with the present participation of family members, managers and communities of the territories where the experiences are established. In this context, among many relevant aspects for this refection, it is highlighted, among its structuring axes, a look at the Childhoods that consider them as people of rights, purposers and artistic creators, as the proposition of creation processes that respect the temporalities of childhood and that value the horizontality, dialogue, respect and reception in the relations between educators and children, participation and defa*gration of artistic processes. Considering that these factors reinforce a confrontation with hegemonic powers, there is a need to think about ways to build public policies that establish actions committed to guaranteeing practices in art and education that prioritize the protagonism and participation of children. In this sense, the creation of public policies that support such participatory axes may be a path towards more respectful processes in relation to the participation of children and adolescents in society, in the public sphere, and through artistic experiences. In the construction of this thought, I will use as a foundation mainly documents that relate PIÁ’s own experience in its practices and attempts to enable the approval of a law that would make it an efective public policy in the city, as well as the contributions of researchers such as Anete Abramowicz, Maria Walburga dos Santos and Vera M. Ferrão Candau, in the feld of Latin American Sociology of Childhood and Manfred Liebel and the approach to the concept of participation and child protagonism. ERRORES ASOCIADOS A OPERACIONES ADITIVAS CON FRACCIONES: UN ESTUDIO EXPLORATORIO CON ESTUDIANTES DE SECUNDARIA. Wilmer Ríos-Cuesta, Facultad de Educación y Pedagogía, Universidad del Valle- Omar Harry Asprilla-Mena, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de Medellín. Artículo de investigación. Se presenta un estudio de casos exploratorio de naturaleza cualitativa y corte descriptivo situado en un paradigma interpretativo, cuyo propósito fue identifcar los errores asociados a las operaciones aditivas con fracciones, de estudiantes, entre los 11 y 16 años, que cursan séptimo grado de secundaria de una institución educativa pública del municipio de Quibdó. La muestra estuvo conformada por ciento noventa y cinco estudiantes a las cuales se les aplicó una evaluación diagnóstica para verifcar su nivel de comprensión sobre esta temática en particular. Se parte del hecho de que los Derechos Básicos de Aprendizaje en Colombia señalan que, en este grado, los estudiantes pueden resolver problemas que involucran diversas operaciones con racionales en distintos contextos. Los resultados muestran que las estudiantes realizan sumas de los numeradores y denominadores como si fueran dos números enteros independientes, se identifcó también que cuando las fracciones tienen el mismo numerador lo que hacen las estudiantes es mantenerlo y sumar los denominadores. Asimismo, se comenten errores al usar algoritmos, pues no se tienen en cuenta si las fracciones son hom*ogéneas o heterogéneas y no se ofrece como respuesta una fracción irreducible. Se concluye que las estudiantes comenten errores que permiten inferir una falta de comprensión sobre cómo se resuelven operaciones que implican sumar o restar fracciones, así como también, una difcultad para comprender el signifcado del concepto de fracción de acuerdo con la situación. CÓMO LA EXPERIENCIA ARTÍSTICA AMPLÍA NUESTRA COMPRENSIÓN DEL MUNDO. César Augusto Cepeda Rodríguez, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. Artículo de refexión generativa. Expone los hallazgos e inquietudes abordadas en el libro ‘El arte de vivir y vivir con el arte. Cómo la experiencia artística amplía nuestra comprensión del mundo’, publicado por la editorial Aula de Humanidades en el mes de julio del 2022 en Bogotá. En primer lugar, quisiera proponer una serie de refexiones que han motivado en los últimos años la investigación que subyace al libro y a continuación me extenderé presentado las secciones y los contenidos de este. UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES: A systematic literature review through Bibliometrix. Andrea Mosquera-Guerrero. Edward Enrique Escobar-Quiñonez. The university is a key actor in the creation of knowledge that must respond to the demands of diferent interest groups that asked pertinent responses and in line with global trends; so, its management has become, over time, a complex activity. Based on the above, this work is presented, which aims to publicize trends in university management through the review of the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The records obtained were analyzed using Graph theory and tools such as Bibliometrix. The results allowed identifying four perspectives: a. technology transfer and university entrepreneurship; b. educational model; c. Change management in academic institutions and d. Interest groups. Through a network analysis, it was determined that the most relevant authors are Henry Etzkowitz, Mario Raposo and G.E. Zborovsky. For its part, the region with the highest production in the subject is the United Kingdom and it is pertinent to note that the research carried out allows us to appreciate that the subject is in the boom phase. EDUCACIÓN MATEMÁTICA Y CIUDADANÍA EN BÁSICA PRIMARIA: EXPERIENCIA DE UN PROYECTO PEDAGÓGICO DE AULA SOBRE HÁBITOS SALUDABLES. Artículo de investigación. Sergio Adrián García Cruz, Normal Superior Fabio Lozano Torrijos de Falan. Se presenta una experiencia de innovación en la enseñanza de las matemáticas en básica primaria desarrollada en una Escuela Normal Superior Colombiana (ENS). La experiencia fue llevada a cabo por maestros en formación inicial y docentes de las asignaturas didáctica de las matemáticas y didáctica del lenguaje que hacen parte del programa de formación complementaria (PFC). Los participantes diseñaron un proyecto pedagógico de aula PPA (Carrillo, 2001) para la enseñanza de las matemáticas, con un enfoque de ciudadanía (Callejo, 2010). El PPA se orientó hacia la refexión sobre los hábitos de vida saludables. Se desarrollaron 7 sesiones de clase, cada una de 3 horas, con estudiantes de grados primero y segundo de primaria de diferentes escuelas que hacen parte de la ENS. La experiencia permitió que los estudiantes de las escuelas refexionaran sobre la importancia de manejar hábitos de vida saludable, mientras que desarrollaban competencias matemáticas. Algunas de las actividades realizadas con los niños consistieron en: encuestas sobre hábitos saludables, preparación de una receta, lectura de información cuantitativa en etiquetas de diferentes productos, patrones geométricos en secuencias de baile, medición del ritmo cardiaco y ruleta de las emociones. EDUCACIÓN INCLUSIVA: LA DISLEXIA Y LA EXCLUSIÓN EDUCATIVA Y SOCIAL. Carina Acosta Mendoza, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, México. Artículo de investigación. La dislexia refere un problema en la adquisición de la lectura y la escritura. Un niño que presenta dislexia piensa diferente y percibe las cosas de una manera distinta. Según la UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), el 17% de todos los niños en el mundo presentan dislexia. En México hay una lucha y necesidad por entender la dislexia, por defnirla dentro de las aulas, detectarla y tratarla. En el momento en que un profesor no entiende la dislexia y no la detecta, limita el aprendizaje de un niño que la padece, y por lo tanto lo segrega y excluye. Es importante mencionar que el problema no se queda solo en la escuela. La exclusión educativa es entendida como un fenómeno asociado al escaso acceso al sistema educativo, que provoca segregación y exclusión educativa al no contar con herramientas para entender lo que representa la educación para todos. AVANCES EN DERECHOS HUMANOS: RECONOCIMIENTO DEL MATRIMONIO CIVIL IGUALITARIO EN LA LEGISLACIÓN ECUATORIANA. Ximena María Torres Sánchez - Carmen Georgina Puchaicela Huaca. Artículo de investigación. La histórica republicana de nuestro país, data que hemos vivido en un proceso de varias Constituciones políticas, cada una de ellas representaba el fel anclaje al conservadurismo y liberalismo, apegado al modelo de matrimonio representativo de la Antigua Roma. Es, por tanto, que el modelo de matrimonio heterosexual, se ha visto representado en todas nuestras Constituciones, e inclusive en la moderna Constitución del año 2008, que es fel sinónimo del “garantismo”. Por ello, dentro del presente artículo científco, se denota a prima facie la vulneración de los derechos a los grupos denominados LGBTI en nuestro contexto normativo; y por otro lado se visualizará como un Instrumento Internacional de los Derechos Humanos-CIDH-, mediante una Opinión Consultiva- OC- 24/17-, exteriorizo a todos sus Estados suscritos al Convenio, la no discriminación e igualdad frente a la fgura tradicional del matrimonio a las parejas hom*osexuales. Finalmente, se dará el estudio a la Sentencia Nº 10-18-CN/19 de nuestra Corte Constitucional, la cual tomo esta opinión consultiva como vinculante, y mando a reformar en nuestro contexto normativo a la “institución jurídica” del matrimonio, en aras de respetar el modelo constitucional vigente, que toma a los Instrumentos Internacionales de D.D.H.H, en igual jerarquía que nuestra Constitución. LA SELECCIÓN DE NIÑAS PARA EL LEVANTAMIENTO DE PESAS. RETO DEL PROCESO DE ENSEÑANZA-APRENDIZAJE DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA. Yunia Pérez Cruz, Universidad de Ciencias Holguín, Holguín, Cuba. Artículo de investigación dirigido a valorar el objeto como proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y su infuencia en el deporte de levantamiento de pesas para niñas en edades de11-12 años Para ello se realiza un acercamiento al origen y concepción de este deporte, así como a la manera en que las féminas son acogidas por la sociedad como practicantes. El acercamiento a dicha praxis social requirió el uso los métodos teóricos Histórico-lógico, Analítico–sintético, Inductivo-deductivo, métodos empírico, observación, entrevista, encuesta, métodos estadísticos descriptivos e inferencial, que posibilitaron constatar la manifestación de este fenómeno en la actualidad. Con este trabajo se evidencia que el interés por el deporte en las niñas no es impedimento, existen limitaciones que impiden el progreso en la selección deportiva como son Carencias de acciones que sustentan la selección deportiva en niñas para el levantamiento de pesas en el municipio Holguín, En la bibliografía revisada no se ha encontrado una estrategia pedagógica de la selección deportiva en niñas para la práctica del levantamiento de pesas, No se desarrolla el proceso de selección inicial con la calidad y rigor necesario de acuerdo a las exigencias establecidas, nos vemos en necesidad de establecer un mecanismo que permitas una correcta selección de estas para el deporte. DE LA RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL EMPRESARIAL Y LA ÉTICA GERENCIAL AL MODELO GUANXI. Cecilia Garzón Daza- Alba Marcela Jaimes Reyes - Misael Tirado Acero. Grupos de Investigación: EDUPRO, FUSM, GIGAS, UPTC, RESCYPP, UMNG, UGC. Análisis documental a través de investigaciones científcas realizadas en el ámbito de los negocios con la fnalidad de introducir el Guanxi como respuesta ante problemas hallados en la implementación de RSE y la ética empresarial. Es así, que el Guanxi entendido como un aspecto cultural chino resalta la importancia de los vínculos laborales a través del fortalecimiento de la apariencia social, las emociones y los favoreces recíprocos; nutre la ética empresarial de los vínculos laborales colaborando en la relación entre ética empresarial y desempeño laboral. A su vez, el Guanxi permite comprender los favores recíprocos de la RSE y la apuesta ética de cara a la apariencia social aportando en el fortalecimiento de esta.

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Abstract Until now, three genotypes of Zika virus (ZIKV) have been detected (two African lineages and one Asian lineage). After the declaration of Public Health Emergency of International Concern issued by The Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization authors from some Latin American countries have identified the Asian genotype as the lineage responsible for the Zika epidemic in the western hemisphere. However, data from the Caribbean are sparse, and there is no published data regarding the genotypes that produced isolated outbreaks in Cuba. Aiming to realize the molecular characterization of ZIKV in Cuba, we will sequence by next-generation sequencing the full genome of the ZIKV identified in samples from Cuban patients of different provinces in which ZIKV produced outbreaks. All samples required for this study have been collected during the molecular surveillance of Arboviral diseases conducted at the National Reference Laboratory at Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute. Viral RNA will be purified from urine and serum samples collected from patients with confirmed ZIKV infection by real time PCR. Using evolutionary dynamics studies, we will map the spread of a virus or of particular variants in time and space in order to understand how frequently ZIKV has been introduced into Cuba. Moreover, we will evaluate the amino acid diversity of each ZIKV proteins. Further, we will evaluate the population dynamics of ZIKV in samples from patients with varying clinical outcomes. The results will allow us to characterize the ZIKV genome and its evolution into the Cuban population that would also have impact for vaccine development, diagnosis, and pathogenesis studies.

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Abstract:

RESUMEN: La Revolución Cubana, como evento ideológico de la izquierda latinoamericana, europea y estadounidense, representó un «espectáculo de ideas» para los intelectuales contemporáneos. El artículo explica cómo este acontecimiento histórico e ideológico marcó el pensamiento intelectual de algunos autores de la época, para lo cual se fundamenta en sus obras escritas sobre la isla. La crítica al régimen opresor es identificada por el autor en textos que en un momento apoyaban la Revolución en algún sentido, el artículo muestra el análisis desde la perspectiva de la descolonización y el subdesarrollo, donde hace latente este antagonismo en las opiniones intelectuales estudiadas.ABSTRACT: The Cuban revolution, as an ideological event from the Latin American, European and American left, represented a «show of ideas» for the contemporary intellectuals. The article explains how this historic and ideological situation made an impact on the intellectual thinking of some authors in the period. This is based on their writings about the island. The criticism to the oppressor regime is identified by the author in texts that sometimes supported the revolution in any way. The article shows the analysis from the decolonization and the underdevelopment perspective in which it becomes latent this antagonism in the studied intellectual opinions.